THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The Operational Definition

already gained. Scientists will recognize the same sort of differences as that between potential and kinetic energy. 1 Cattel also stated that 2 : “fluid intelligence is the ability to learn and perform- that is measured by tests of speed, energy, and quick adaptation to new situations- for example, tests of memory span, ability to copy symbols, and ability to solve abstract problems. Crystallized intelligence is the ability to acquire knowledge -is measured by tests of vocabulary, social reasoning, and problem solving-“. Cattel suggests that fluid intelligence represents abilities useful in learning and performance, whereas crystallized intelligence measures knowledge – what has actually been learned. Psychologist cannot agree on the nature and definition of the intelligence, and thus obviously have no idea what actually is. In 1998, Mark Snyderman and Stanley Rothman published a book, The IQ Controversy, which contained the answers of over 600 experts in the field of intelligence testing, educational psychology, developmental psychology, behavioral genetics, sociology and education, cognitive science, counseling psychology, occupational psychology to questions about intelligence. These are indeed manifold, but to concentrate on one or the other does not imply disagreement on the nature of intelligence itself. In other word, complete agreement on everything is not necessary to make a concept meaningful. 3 Some considers topics before moving on to the intellectual competences. First, what are the prerequisites for intelligence? Second, what are the actual criteria by which we can judge whether a candidate competence ought to be a circle of intelligence?. 4 According to Gardner, the prerequisites for intelligence have to consider a set of skill of problem solving, the ability to 1 Hans J. Eyesenck, A New Look Intelligence, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1999 p. 14 2 Richard R. Bootzin, Gordon H. Bower, Jennifer Crocker, and Elizabeth Hall, Psychology Today 7 th Ed, New York: McGraw Hill, Inc, 1991 p. 317 3 Hans J. Eyesenck, Op.cit., p. 7 4 Howard Gardner, Frames Of Mind, 2 nd Ed, London: Fontana Press, 1993 p. 60