Research Method Research Setting Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this part, the writer will discuss about the methodology used in this research. This chapter consists of six parts. Those are description of research method, research setting, research participants, research instrument and data gathering technique, data analysis technique and research procedure.

A. Research Method

Since the writer was analyzing Simple Present and Present Perfect errors of students’ writing, this research used document analysis as the research method. Referring to Best 1959:117, document analysis which is also called content analysis is a kind of research method that deals with records or documents as the research data. He also states that one of the purposes of document analysis is to analyze the types of errors in students’ work. Besides, Ary, Jacobs Razavieh 2002 state that document analy sis ‘focuses more on analyzing and interpreting recorded materials within its own context’. This research method was conducted to get data on An Error Analysis of Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense Sentences of Students’ Writing in Critical Reading and Writing Course. Document analysis is one of the research methods that is included in qualitative research. Yin 2015 states that qualitative research deals more with words rather than with number and symbols. 30

B. Research Setting

This part presents where and when this research was conducted. The writer did the research in class D of Critical Reading and Writing of English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University. The researcher conducted the research from March until July 2016.

C. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique

Since this research was using qualitative research and the method was document analysis, there were two major instruments of this research. Besides, the researcher also used table analysis to support the data findings. Those instruments can be noted as follows.

1. Human Instrument

Since this research was qualitative research and the method used was document analysis, the writer was the primary instrument to analyze the data. Ary, Jacobs, Sorensen, and Walker 2 013:524 say that ‘the main instrument in qualitative research is the human instrument’. The researcher became the main instrument of the research in which she gathered and analyzed the data of students’ writing. The writer focused on the errors sentences made by the students so that the writer could reveal what types of errors that were produced by the students in dealing with their writing.

2. The Critical Reading and Writing students’ Mid Test 1 documents

The Critical Reading and Writing students’ Mid Test 1 document became the main data of this research. The documents were from selected class of Critical PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 31 Reading and Writing which was class F. Through these documents, the writer would be able to analyze the Simple Present and Present Perfect errors as presented in the documents.

3. Table of Analysis

There were some types of table used to analyze the students’ written work of this research. The first table dealt with the total number of Simple Present and Present Perfect Tense sentences of students ’ written work. The writer counted all Simple Present and Present Perfect Tense sentences students wrote and made the total number in the form of table. This table was made to show and know the number of written Simple Present and Present Perfect Tense sentences that would be analyzed by the writer. The total number of sentences in every document which contained Simple Present and Present Perfect Tenses were presented in the table. Besides, the researcher also provided the percentage of the total sentences of Simple Present and Present Perfect Tenses made by the students. The number and percentage of Simple Present and Present Perfect Tenses made by the students can be seen in the following table. Table 3.1 The Number of Simple Present and Present Perfect Tense Sentences Doc No. Simple Present Tense Present Perfect Tense Simple Present and Present Perfect Tense Total sentences Num Num Num Num 1. 2. 3. … 32 The second one, then, dealt with the number of errors in each type of errors that students wrote. The writer counted the number of errors in each types of errors students wrote then put it into table. The writer also made the percentage of the number of error in the sentences students wrote. There are four types of errors namely, omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. The table can be seen as follows. Table 3.2 The Number of Errors According to the Types of Errors Doc No. Types of Errors Omission Addition Misformation Misordering 1. 2. 3. … After obtaining the data through the tables above, then, the writer summarized the findings in two tables. The first table dealt with the number of types of errors which occurred in Simple Present Tense. The second table showed the number of the types of errors which were found in Present Perfect Tense. The tables can be seen as follows. Table 3.3 The Number of Errors in Simple Present Tense Simple Present Tense Types of Errors Omission Addition Misformation Misordering 33 Table 3.4 The Number of Errors in Present Perfect Tense Perfect Present Tense Types of Errors Omission Addition Misformation Misordering Then, there were two kinds of tables which covered all types of errors made by the students. The first table showed all the error sentences in Simple Present and Present Perfect Tenses and the types of errors. The last table, furthermore, was to show the errors sentences students wrote both were Simple Present and Present Perfect Tenses with the possible correction provided by the researcher. The tables can be seen as follows. Table 3.5 Ungrammatical Simple Present and Present Perfect Tense Sentences According to the Types of Errors Doc. No Simple Present and Present Perfect Tense Sentences Types of Errors of Simple Present Types of Errors of Present Perfect O A MF MO O A MF MO 1. 2. 3. … Table 3.6 Ungrammatical Simple Present and Present Perfect Tense Sentences and the Possible Correction Doc. No Original Sentences Possible Correction 1. 2. 3. … 34 Dealing with the two problems formulation, the writer used some techniques to gather the data. The researcher collected the data by taking the documents of students’ Mid Test 1 assignments as the research data. The source data of the research were taken from students of Critical Reading and Writing course.

D. Research Subjects