Theoretical Framework THEORETICAL REVIEW

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2.2. Theoretical Framework

After discussing the instructional design models, theory of reading, English for Specific Purpose ESP, the syllabus, and web, the writer intends to outline the theories which will be used as the basis for designing the English reading instructional material for Accounting students. In designing the instructional materials for Accounting, the writer combines Rodger’s model which is a modified version of ADDIE’s model and Research and Development Borg Gall, 1983: 775. The framework of material design consists of four steps. They are as follows: a. Performing Needs Survey Rodger This step purposes to analyze the need for instruction need analysis, curriculum requirements, and the limitations and the resources available for instruction. Based on RD, The first step Research and Information Collecting includes review of literature, classroom observation, and preparation of report of state of the art. The writer purposes to conducts a need surveys in order to gaining data from the participant. The writer also considers to the course curriculum, lists the constraints demand on this course and considers to the writer’s skills and the time the writer has to design, develop, and go live with on-line course. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 36 b. Identifying Instructional Goals, Analyzing Tasks, and Writing Assessment Rodger This step focuses on the instructional goals and how to accomplish them and the students including needs, characteristics, and skill needed to begin the course. This step also focuses on constructing assessment as the writer considers goals, students’ need, and prior knowledge. Assessment should always be created after the goals of instruction, learner analysis, and curriculum requirements have been determined. According to Borg Gall, this second steps of RD Planning includes defining skills, stating objectives determining course sequence, and small scale feasibility testing. The writer aims at determining the goals of the materials design based on students’ needs. The topics, then, are selected in order to be able to facilitate students to achieve the formulated goals. In this study, the instructional goals and general purposes of the materials design are reflected on the standard competence and basic competence. c. Choosing Teaching Strategies and Instructional Media Rodger In this steps, teaching strategies and methods are determined first by the objectives and goals of instruction and secondly by the constraints. This step purposes to determine the instructional media that best facilitates students understanding of new knowledge and support the instructional strategies. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 37 In the third step of RD Develop preliminary form of product, preparation of instructional materials, handbooks, and evaluation devices are needed. By referring to the information from the need survey and also the statement of the goals, learning objectives, the writer develops English reading materials in the form of website. The media is also selected while teaching strategies and method are determined. d. Doing evaluation and revision Rodger This step focuses on examining the actual lesson or course the writer designed. It aims at evaluating the instructional goals and understanding, effectiveness of instructional strategies and media and revising for the next course or lesson. The fourth and fifth steps of RD, i.e. Preliminary Field Testing and Main Product Revision includes data collecting from interview, observation, and questionnaire and revising product. The writer is to conduct an evaluation survey to acquire some feedback and common related to the material design. It is expected that the writer could get feedback, comments and suggestion about the appropriateness of the materials for Accounting students and the grammar accuracy in the material design. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 38 The steps are illustrated in the following figure: Figure 4. The Steps of the Material Design The relationship between research method and theoretical framework used in this study is explained in the following figure: Figure 5. The Research Method and Theoretical Framework Relationship Pre- Design Post- Design Theoretical Framework Research and information collecting Performing a Needs Survey Planning Develop preliminary form of product Writing the Assessment Identifying Instructional Goals and Analyzing Task Choosing Teaching Strategies and Instructional Media Prelimi nary field testing Main product revision Evaluating Materials Revising the Materials Research and Development Performing a Need Surveys Identifying Instructional Goals, analyzing Tasks, and Writing Assessment Choosing Teaching Strategies and Instruction Media Doing evaluation and revision Feedback line 39

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY