a Skimming Skimming is reading to find out the main idea of the text. For example, we
read to get the title of the text, to get the main idea of each paragraph etc. b Scanning
Scanning is reading to look out for particular items in the text, such as name, date, place etc.
c Intensive reading or study reading In additional aspects, he mentions extensive reading is associated with
supplementary reading books read outside the class room, such as short stories, novels, magazine and newspaper.
Cramer 1998 states the definition of skimming and scanning in the briefly illustration. Skimming is the most rapid of all reading rates and the most
complex. Relying on research results of the most recent eye-movement photography, we can be assure that reading faster than 800 to 900 words per
minute is in truth “skimming”. Skimming is not reading every word, sentence, or paragraph. Skimming is skipping with skill judgment. The ability to skim with
skilled judgment requires near perfect and instantaneous recognition of main ideas, transactional paragraph, paragraph describing key definitions or concepts,
and summary paragraphs. A skimming facility requires initially superior reading skills. Without them, skimming becomes a random wandering though a word
maze. On the other hand, scanning involves running the eyes down the printed page, looking for specific bits of information, key words, or phrases. It is useful
for locating statements, definitions, formulas, dates, telephone number, or other specific items which require little if any context.
In sum, skimming is strategy which can be organized for seeking information about an article, chapter, or book. Whereas scanning is a hunt, skip
and-search technique for locating answers to specific questions. Skimming is useful for get information which needed by the reader in form of main idea, title
of the text or the moral value of the text. Scanning is useful for finding answers to simple questions and permits the eyes to move rapidly down the page searching
for the answer such as the name, place, and date of story.
2.2.5 General Concept of Narrative Text
A narrative text is a story that is told in language; that is, it is converted into language signs. As was evident from the definition of narrative text, these signs
are produce by an agent who relates. This agent cannot be identified with the writer. Rather, the writer withdraws and calls upon a fictitious spokesman, an
agent technically known as the narrator. But the narrator does not relate continually: Whenever direct speech occurs in the text, it is as if the narrator
temporarily transfers this function to one of the actors. When describing the text layer, it is thus important to ascertain who is doing the narration.
Narrative strategy instruction gives students a more elaborate understanding of stories. It is one of a number of comprehension strategies
children should be taught to use. Research shows that students who have a good understanding of narrative text structure have fewer problems comprehending this
text type Dymock Nicholson, 1999. Narrative text structure strategies can be used with other comprehension strategies in a readers’ repertoire of reading
comprehension strategies see Pressley, 2000, including activating prior knowledge, constructing mental images, and summarizing.
There are at least four stages in a narrative text. Frequently these same steps are repeated increasing the suspense of the story. The each stages of the
story are used for elaborating or giving more explanation through the plot of the story. A simple narrative will have orientation, complication, series of events,
resolution, reorientation or coda optional. Firstly, the orientation may be brief or continue for several pages allowing
the writer to create a visual picture of the setting, atmosphere and time of the story. Generally the characters are introduced and clues are set in place for the
coming complication. Second, complication, this revolves around conflicts or problem that affects setting, time or characters. Realistic stories generally have
one complication, but most adventure stories will have a series to build up excitement. Third, the story continues through a series of expected and
unexpected events. In this part of the story a sequence of events that affect the setting, atmosphere, characters or time. Fourth, the resolution brings the series of
events to a close and resolves the main problem, challenge or situation. Finally, reorientation or coda is sets the scene again and locates the characters in it. Some
narratives have a reorientation or coda that returns the reader to the present and sums up the events. This may be written in the form of a moral or coda.
