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which must be gained or mastered for student after getting the learning process. Learning goal is an aim or an expectation which should be
achieved for student. In other word, it is a result of learning process that achieved for student after getting the leaning process.
2. Learning material
Other component except the goal is an expectation about learning material and teaching learning process. Learning material is formulated
after the goal is assigned. Learning goal must be designed as good as possible to gain a good learning process. While, teaching and learning
process determined from the goal and learning material. Therefore, should be a systematic and harmonious relationship between goal
– learning material
– teaching and learning process. The problem is how to set learning material in order to support the goal of learning?
1. Setting up learning material
Learning material is a content which given to student while the process of teaching and learning. Through learning material student will
deliver to the learning goal. In other meaning, the goal that should student gain is colored and formed by learning material. There are some things
that need to be considered in determining the learning material:
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a. The material must be appropriate and support the achievement of
learning goals.
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Sudjana Nana, Dasar-Dasar Proses Belajar Mengajar Jakarta, Sinar baru algensindo, 1995, P 69
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b. Written materials in the teaching planning is limited to a concept or
shaped outline it is not also described in detail. c.
Setting up the learning material should be matched to the step of learning goal.
d. The step of learning material should have continuity from each other.
e. Setting up learning material from simple to complex, from easy to
difficult, from concrete to abstract. f.
Learning material should be factual and conceptual, means factual is easy to remember, and conceptual means need an understanding.
2. Teaching methods
Teaching methods is a way used by a teacher to create a relation to student while teaching and learning process. Therefore, the
role of teaching methods is to create teaching and learning process. With this method, expected an increasing about learning process
according to teaching process or creating an educative interaction. In this interaction teacher becomes an activator or supervisor while
student becomes receiver or guided. Interaction process will be good if the student becomes more active than the teacher. According to Nana,
there are several types of types of teaching methods that are still used in teaching today, are:
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a. Speech method
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Sudjana Nana, Dasar-Dasar Proses Belajar Mengajar Jakarta, Sinar baru algensindo, 1995, P 76 - 89
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b. Asking and answering method
c. Discussion method
d. Learning task method
e. Group work method
f. Demonstration method or experiment
g. Problem solving method
h. Role-playing method
i. Team teaching method
j. Drill method
k. Field or trip method
l. Resource person method
m. Simulation method
3. Learning tools
Learning tools hold an important role in teaching and learning process. Methods and learning tools are the component that cannot
stand independently. Both components must stay together to gain batter learning and teaching process. Learning tool makes the material
becomes easier for student to understand. It is also called as visual audio means the tools which can be reserved by five senses. There are
6 functions of learning tools in teaching and learning process, are:
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Sudjana Nana, Dasar-Dasar Proses Belajar Mengajar . . . . . . . . P 99-100
