E. Logic and Anomaly
Logic is a word that means many things to different people. Many
everyday uses of the words logic and logical could be replaced by expressions such as reasonable behavior and reasonable. We shall use the words logic
and logical in a narrower sense, familiar to semanticists. Logic deals with meanings in a language system, not with actual behavior of any sort. Logic
deals most centrally with propositions. The terms “logic” and “logical” do not apply directly to utterances.
31
In the late 1920’s, Alfred Tarski embarked on a project to give rigorous definitions for notions useful in scientific methodology. In 1933, he published
his analysis of the notion of a true sentence. This long paper undertook two tasks: first to say what should count as a satisfactory definition of true
sentence for a given formal language, and second to show that there do exist
satisfactory definitions of true sentence for a range of formal languages.
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He put a formula for truth in language. Here it is:
“ S is true if and only if P”
S is sentence structure of grammatical words and P is the condition than guarantee the truth of the sentence. A sentence has empirical meaning if and
31
James R. Hurford Brendan Heasley, Semantics: A Coursebook, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 131
32
Ruth M. Kempson, Semantic Theory, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1977, p. 19
only if it is not analytic and follows logically from some finite and logically consistent class of observation sentence.
33
A system for describing logical thinking contains a notation for representing propositions unambiguously and rules of inference defining how
propositions go together to make valid arguments.
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Contradiction is most centrally a logical term. Anything that is clearly an instance of this basic logical contradiction, e.g. John is here and John is
not here, can be called a contradiction. In this area, of logic, as indeed
everywhere one is dealing with the notion of sense, one has to ignore metaphorical and figurative interpretations of sentences. We are dealing with
the strictly literal meanings of predicates. Anomaly is semantic oddness that can be traced to the meanings of the
predicates in the sentence concerned. Just point out this example: Dr. Jekyll is killing phonemes
is anomalous because the meanings of the predicates kill and phoneme
cannot be combined in this way. Anomaly involves the violation of a selectional restriction.
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Semantics has to do meanings of sentences and how these meanings can be computed by the meanings of their component parts
clauses, phrases, words, and morphemes.
36
33
Ibid, p. 134
34
Ibid, p. 139
35
Ibid
36
“Meaning,” Encyclopedia of Linguistics, p. 668
Here, the writer can sum up that the logic is when the expression of language had become a part of metaphors; this language cannot be understood
anymore or read as literally, dictionaries meaning. Logic no longer useful because metaphor do not wanted to be understood by using a logical thinking.
Because metaphor made to be understood as a symbolic things, a figurative one. If we use a logical thinking to read a metaphor, then we can only find a
contradiction.
E. Tenor and vehicle
Kategori