15
g. Antithesis
Antithesis is a device for placing opposing the ideas in grammatical parallel. For example: speech is silver, silence is golden.
h. Irony
Irony is a verbal device which implies an attitude which quite different to literary expressed. Harry Shaw 1972:208 states that a figure of speech in which the literal
denotative meaning of a word or statement in the opposite of that intended.
i. Allegory
Allegory is a figure of speech which consist an exaggerated statement which is not meant be taken literary. It is an abstractions presented in concrete imagery, almost
always the form of a humanized character.
j. Euphemism
Euphemism is figure of speech in which a mild or vogue expression is substituted for a harsh or blunt one.
2.2.4 Sound Devices
Sound devices consist of rhythm and other sound effects. Rhythm is essentially a mother of repetition. We achieve rhythm by repeating some combination of intervals
between sounds or light and strong beats. Other sound effects are masculine ending,
16
feminine ending, alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia, euphony, cacophony. For analyzing sound devices, it can be analyzing into:
a. Alliteration
Alliteration is the repetition of the same sound at frequent intervals.
b. Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia imitates sounds and thus suggests the object described. Scott defines it as the formation of words from sounds which seem to suggest and reinforce
the meaning when applied to the choice of words in poetry, where by the sound is made ‘an echo to the sense’, and has real value.
c. Rhyme
Rhyme usually occurs at the end of a poetic line.
d. Assonance
Assonance is the repeating of stressed vowel sound.
2.2.5 Types of Poems
a. Ode
Ode is a lyric adopted from the Greek but altered greatly in form by various English poets. It tends to be rather formal and elevated and often to a prominent person.
Often in varied or irregular meter, and usually between fifty and two hundred lines long.
17
b. The Epic
Epic is the most ambitious kinds of poetry deals with great heroes whose action determined the fate of their nation or of mankind. To read the world’s true epic in the
original we would have to know, Greek, Latin, Italian.
c. The Elegy
The elegy is written to express the feeling of sorrow or loss. The elegy is often to commemorate some one’s death.
d. The Pastoral
The pastoral usually uses the fiction that all character concerned shepherds and shepherdess. The very name is derived from the Latin pastor meaning “Shepherd” and is
related to pasture or meadow.
e. Satire
Satire is a form of ridicule and criticism, and it can be directed against many different object universal human vices of follies, social evils or political short coming.
Satire is often engendered by the desire to improve society, to a right wrong. But the most effective satire will be that in which some hatred is felt and the poet wants to work
if off.
18
f. Epigram
Epigram is the brief form of all poems. It is may be a short as two lines, indeed the shorter the more effective. The qualities of a good epigram are pithiness, point and
neatness of a form.
2.3 Rebellion
