Figure of Speech The Elements of Poetry

13

2.2.3 Figure of Speech

Figure of speech is one elements of poetry which talk about the figure and symbol used in poetry. Wren and Martin 1981:488 state that figure of speech is a departure from the ordinary form of expression or the ordinary course of ideas in order to produce a greater effect. This definition explained that figure of speech related what is called connotative meaning. Figure of speech divided into: a. Simile A simile defines as a comparison of two things for purposes of explanation, allusion, or ornament introduced by a word such as ‘as’, ‘like’, or ‘such’. Simile usually used in order to comparing two different things. b. Metaphor Metaphor describes something as though it actually were something else, thereby enhancing understanding and insight Robert and Jacobs 1995:649. Metaphor is always a two sided things, they are the original literal meaning of the world and a new transferred meaning. Metaphor can help a poet to achieve the conversation, to arrange some word into little space and also shape a reader’s attitude. c. Personification Personification is using human qualities in order to express the object. In personification, noun can act as human’s feeling, personalities, intelligence or even emotions. Ruth Miller and Robert A. Greenberg 1986:74 state, “Personification is figure of speech in which an abstract idea, inanimate object, or aspect of nature is described as if it were human”. 14 d. Hyperbole Hyperbole is commonly used in daily conversation and also in all kinds of literature, such as prose and drama. Hyperbole is used to make the object become greater than real object. Wren and Martin 1981: 491 state, “In hyperbole a statement is made emphatic by overstatement”. It means that some words which are used in a poem is overstatement from true meaning. e. Metonymy Metonymy is the substitution of one term for another with which is closely associated. Metonymies using a word where that word have understand by other people. Metonymy is a figure of speech that uses a concept closely related to the thing actually meant. X. J Kennedy 1991:595 gives definition about metonymy. He said that metonymy is the substitution of one term for another with which is closely associated. f. Symbol Symbol is a thing could be an object, person, situation or action which stands for something else more abstract. Symbol is a trope that combines a literal and sensuous quality with an abstract or suggestive aspect but it is not literal meaning but use that meaning to suggest another. Perinne 1974:628 states, “A symbol may be defined as something that means more than what it is”. Characters, objects, events and settings can be a symbolic which represents something else. 15 g. Antithesis Antithesis is a device for placing opposing the ideas in grammatical parallel. For example: speech is silver, silence is golden. h. Irony Irony is a verbal device which implies an attitude which quite different to literary expressed. Harry Shaw 1972:208 states that a figure of speech in which the literal denotative meaning of a word or statement in the opposite of that intended. i. Allegory Allegory is a figure of speech which consist an exaggerated statement which is not meant be taken literary. It is an abstractions presented in concrete imagery, almost always the form of a humanized character. j. Euphemism Euphemism is figure of speech in which a mild or vogue expression is substituted for a harsh or blunt one.

2.2.4 Sound Devices