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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Postcolonial Theory
Postcolonial discourse was first introduced in literature field of study. There are two important models in post-colonial literature Postcolonial
literature, which is a model of national and model of black writing. National model focuses on the relationship between state and ex-colonialist.
While the black model focuses the writing on the works of the African Diaspora of the Black Atlantic. This model was later expanded to include
other forms of writing, such as Australian Aboriginal writing or writings from India, because this model more bases itself on ethnicity rather than
nationality.
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The literary and postcolonial theory has two main keys, namely the domination-subordination and hybridity creolization. These issues appear at
first to the surface related to military control and economic backwardness. Domination and subordination is a relationship that not only occurs between
countries or ethnic, but also within a country or within a particular ethnic, even in gender power relations. As reviewed by Gayatri Spivak Can
Subaltern Speak?, stating that subaltern cannot speak, that women in the colonial context have a conceptual language to speak because there is no ear
of colonial and indigenous men to listen.
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Leela Gandhi, Teori Poskolonial: Upaya Meruntuhkan Hegemoni Barat Yogyakarta:Qalam, 2001 p. vi-vii.
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Akhyar Yusuf Lubis, Dekonstruksi Epistemologi Modern Jakarta: Pustaka Indonesia Satu, 2006 p. 204.
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The equation of postmodernism with post colonialism lies with its position as the theory of critical because as a theory, both clearly intended to
reject the binary oppositions and thus the dichotomy of Western and Eastern, non-indigenous and indigenous, narrative and narration of a small, developed
countries and developing countries, historical reflection and parodies, documentary texts and inter-textual, and so forth. Conversely, as the era of
post colonialism. according to Saids experience over the past two and a half centuries, colonization is more universally considered to be global and
therefore have a direct impact, both for the region that was colonized and the colonizers themselves.
Postcolonial clearly is one section of postmodernism. That is, in the theory of post colonialism and thus triggered by the use of a number of
concepts existed in postmodernism. Therefore, the basic meaning of post in post colonialism similar to post in postmodernism is equally meaningful
post. The difference, in the modernity postmodernism seems retained but given a new meaning, a meaning that has been deconstructed, in post
colonialism then colonial forms with a variety of abandoned due to be removed.
The vision of postcolonial not linked with practical social politic problems. In the analysis, especially works of literature, not necessarily
associated with the intention of the author. Greatness, as well as literary failure is not caused by the oriental elements, but how these elements do
appear in estisis. Postcolonial is a discourse analysis that can be used, on one
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hand to trace the hidden aspects or deliberately hidden, so as to know how power works. On the other hand, unload disciplines, institutions, and the
underlying ideology. In this context, the role of language, literature, and culture in general can play a role in the third cause symptoms contained
discourse as intended by colonial groups. Power is not formed structurally, but flows through the community as
a capillary, not because of power control everything, but comes from everywhere conformed to the characteristics of the colonial countries that
restrict freedom of thought for the people under their control, as well as all forms of knowledge. Then stagnation occured and even a declination in all
aspects of life. Postcolonial theory is such an accumulation of theory and criticism
that is used to reassess the cultural aspects; namely history, politics, economics, literature, even the government archives, as well as its
relationship with cultural heritage it left behind. In this context it is said that postcolonial theory is a theory to deconstruct colonial narrative.
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Postcolonial discourse analysis can be used, on one hand to trace the hidden aspects that are known institution and its underlying ideology.
There are four reasons why literary works are considered appropriate for analysis through postcolonial theory:
1. As a cultural phenomenon of literature showing a communication system
between the sender and receiver.
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Prof. Dr. Nyoman Khuta Ratna, S.U. Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. 2008. p. 205.
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2. Literature masterpiece featuring kind of problematic social life itself.
3. Literary works are not bound by space and time.
4. Depicted symbolically so that the real purpose is not visible.
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Based on the above reasons, we can conclude that postcolonial theory is a theory that studies the conditions of the situation afterwards, especially
regarding the state of 18th century until 19th century. This theory gives attention to the indigenous culture which is the culture of the oppressed from
the power of colonialism; this theory is also related to the representation of race, ethnicity and nation-state formation. For that, postcolonial studies aimed
at, first raised the history of science, technology and Western medicine, like science in the Islamic perspective, Indian, Chinese and indigenous knowledge
and knowledge of other cultures through the study of empirical and historical. Second, develop a contemporary discourse about the nature, style and scope of
science, technology and non-Western medicine. Third, develop science policies that recognize and appreciate the scientific practices, technologies and
treatment of indigenous or native.
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B. Binary Opposition