4.1.1 Variation of Habit
Based on collected specimens there are variation of habit ferns, divided into three groups: tree ferns, herbaceous ferns and filmy ferns Figure 3.
Tree ferns is characterized by rhizome erect, massive and long called trunk. Variations of the trunk of Cyathea found from short trunk in Cyathea moluccana
with 30-40 cm tall to 150-300 cm tall as in Cyathea angiensis, C. contaminans and C. gigantea. Diameter of the trunk is 20-40 cm. Fronds are large that
arranged in terminal crown with pinnate to tripinnatifid.
Figure 3 Variation of fern habit: a. Tree fern, b. Terrestrial fern, c. Creeping fern, d. Climbing fern, e. Epiphyte fern , f. Filmy fern
Herbaceous ferns include terrestrial and epiphyte ferns. Terrestrial ferns have
erect or creeping stems. Erect stems are generally unbranched and may be stout and woody with terminal rosette fronds such as in Thelypteridaceae or stout and
fleshy likes in Marattia and Angiopteris. Creeping stems have regular distance between their leaves with branched or unbranched stems. They grow on the
ground surface or subterranean. Such plants can be thicket-forming Gleicheniaceae or some plants produce microphyll with particularly long stems
Lycopodium, stipes and rachises ascending into the crowns of small trees Lygodium.
a
f e
d c
b
Climbing ferns have slender rhizome with roots in the ground, such as Lomariopsis, Teratophyllum, Stenochlaena and Lomagramma.
Epiphytes have compact or short to long-creeping rhizomes that attached to or rooted on the trunks or branches of trees. The stems may start on the tree or on the
ground, but in any cases are attached to the tree and are not depended on the soil for the moisture and nutrients, such as Antrophyum, Aglaomorpha, Drynaria,
Vittaria and Pyrrosia.
Filmy ferns have stout, long-creeping rhizome covered with bristle-like hairs.
The lamina is dissected into deeply lobed with entire to toothed margins. Stipes are winged or unwinged. Sori borne on short laminal segments with a cup or
tubular indusium. Two genera observed such as Hymenophyllum and Trichomanes.
4.1.2 Variation of Rhizome
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