xlvi 3. It is participatory as it provides for collaborative investigation by teams of
colleagues, practitioners and researchers. 4. Changes in practice are based on the collection of information or data which
provides the impetus for changes. Based on several definitions stated by some experts, it can be concluded that
action research is any systematic inquiry undertaken by participators in a social situation including education which is directed towards greater understanding
and improvement of practices where those practices are carried out.
C. The Model of Action Research.
The model of classroom action research used in this study is based on the model developed by Kemmis and McTaggart 1988 in Burns 1999:32 who
state that action research occurs through a dynamic and complementary process which consists of four fundamental steps in a spiraling process. They are as
follow: a. Planning
Develop a plan of critically informed action to improve what is already happening. Here the researcher prepares everything that is needed in doing the
research, for instance she prepares the lesson plans that will be used in teaching speaking class, the material that is used in implementing the action
and she also prepares the evaluation material after conducting the action to measure whether or not that the speaking proficiency improves.
xlvii b. Action
Having planning the action, the writer implements the learning activity of English using games. In this study the writer will implements games, namely
guessing game sand story games. She also gives pre test, exercises, and post test to the students.
c. Observation The researcher observes the effects of the critically informed action in the
context in which it occurs. Besides, the observer also fills the observation sheet about the process of teaching and learning runs. By so doing the
researcher can document and reflect upon the interaction and events happen. d. Reflection
After doing the action, the researcher continue to the step namely reflection. In this step the researcher reflects how the teaching and leaning process runs. The
function of reflection is to know the weaknesses and the strengths of the action. The researcher makes an evaluation from the result of the test and also
from the observation done by the researcher and the observer during the teaching and learning process.
xlviii
O B S E R V E
O B S E R V E A
C T
A C
T R
E F
L E
C T
R E
F L
E C
T R E V I S E D
P L A N P L A N
The spiral model can be illustrated as follow
Figure 1. The Model of Action Research of Kemmis and Mc Taggart
D. The Procedure of Action Research
