An Advanced Catch-and-Release Trap for Controlling the Red Palm Weevil
An Advanced Catch-and-Release Trap for Controlling the Red Palm Weevil
Nabawy Metwaly 1, 2 1. Green World S.r.l., Roma 00040, Italy
2. DAFNE (Department of Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy Science and Technology), University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy
Received: October 30, 2012 / Accepted: November 08, 2012 / Published: January 30, 2013.
Abstract: The aim of the research was to develop a catch-and-release trap for monitoring and controlling RPW (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus , red palm weevil). The RPW insects were attracted through the use of an aggregation pheromone located into a dispenser inside the trap. The RPW adults entered through an entrance door into a sterilization room where they were sprayed with a solution containing the chemical sterilizer product “lufenuron”. The adults were then forced to move into a contamination room where it was present a wet media containing spores and hyphae of Metarhizium anisopliae and spores and crystalline insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringensis . The sterilized and infected RPW adults were counted and released into the environment where they reached new palms and join natural populations of RPW. Preliminary experiments showed that the catch-and-release trap was able to reduce the fertility of RPW adults and to increase their mortality after contamination with entomopathogens. Moreover, the infected RPW adults were able to infect untreated RPW larvae leading to a larvae mortality of 93% within 30 days. In conclusion, the advanced catch-and-release trap represents a safe and effective tool to monitor and control the population of RPW pest without environmental pollution and risks for human health.
Key words: RPW, trap, palm, biological control.
1. Introduction concentration of larvae in the jamb of the palm tree causes a rise of internal temperature up to peaks of
RPW, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)
50 °C due to the fermentation. This allowed the (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) is a very serious pest for concomitance of different development stages of the cultivated palms in many countries around the world insect. It does not occur an inactivity period of the (Southern Asia, North Africa, Europe, the Guff states,
parasite.
and the Middle East). The insect is a large beetle, RPW could invade many other areas and countries native of southeast Asia, which has been introduced where the Date palms, the Coconut palms, the Sago accidentally in the Mediterranean areas a few years palms, the Talipot palms, the Oil palms, the Royal ago (2004-2005). The adult female of RPW lives for palms, the Sugar palm, the Toddy palms, the Serdag about 100-150 days and produces a large quantity of palms, the Nibong palms, the Areca palms and some eggs (300-350), of which 75% are fertile. The insect other ornamental palms are grown. This insect shows has a special behavior (aggregation pheromone
a clear preference for the Phoenix canariensis which produced by males), and it is precisely this behavior is the widest distributed between ornamental palms in that determines the survival of the species to adverse the Mediterranean basin, but can attack any other environmental conditions. In fact, the greatest palm species, including dwarf palm (Chamaerops
Corresponding author: Nabawy Metwaly, Ph.D., research humilis L.) endemic in the Mediterranean [1]. field: entomology. E-mail: [email protected].
An Advanced Catch-and-Release Trap for Controlling the Red Palm Weevil
The lifespan of the RPW is quite long, in the catch-and-release trap for controlling the RPW Mediterranean areas it takes about 150 days from egg
through sterilization and entomopathogen infections stage to the adult, and therefore the total life of the
of adults. Starting from the above considerations, a insect can be up to 300 days. The larva in eight
research project was carried out by Green World S.r.l. growth stages can live about 84 days (depending on
to develop an advanced catch-and-release trap for diet and climatic conditions). The oviposition regards
controlling the RPW. The concept is to attract the
a large number of eggs, varies from 300 to 700 RPW insects into a catch-and-release trap using an (depending on climate). The female fertilization takes
aggregation pheromone, and to sterilize and infect place several times during the life of the insect and
them with a chemical sterilizer product and lays her eggs in more than a palm tree. Spraying of
entomopathogens respectively before release the RPW insecticides has limits, in order to control the palm
insects into the environment. The effectiveness of tree pests: washing out, low safety for users,
catch-and-release trap on controlling RPW was also environmental and operators, and costs. Endotherapy
evaluated.
has proved his effectiveness to control RPW
2. Materials and Methods
population [2]. It is based on injections of various products of biologically active substances which,
The catch-and-release trap was made with a entering into the circulation by special nozzles
structure of metal material insulated with cork panels. connected with pressure pumps; this method permits
The trap has one entrance and one exit in the opposite to limit the dispersal of pesticides. Blend of site as showed in Fig. 1. insecticides have been successfully tested by
The RPW insects are attracted through the use of an endotherapic method “Tree vital endopalm” aggregation pheromone located into a dispenser sachet developed by Nabawy [2]. Endotherapy have some
inside the first room of the trap (Fig. 2). limits, being a “point” approach and long term. The
The RPW adults attracted by the natural pheromone best strategy could be carried out by “point” approach
enter through an entrance door into the trap; when the of endotherapy in order to recover the attacked palm
insect reached the central part of the first room, two tree and “territorial” approach with the aim to arrest
LED lights switch on automatically for 1 min to push pest diffusion.
the insect to move forward in the next room. The Among the solutions adopted in the integrated
second room is a sterilization room where the RPW defense plans, the use of the male sterile (SIT, sterile
are automatically sprayed with a solution containing insect technique) has been proven a suitable method to
the chemical sterilizer product “lufenuron” the control other phytophagous insect species. An
[(RS)-1-[2,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropox environmentally friendly technique to sterilize the
y)phenyl]-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea]. In the adults is to attract them into a catch-and-release trap
contamination room, there is a plate containing a and to spray them with a solution containing a
mixture of wet inert media and spores/hyphae of chemical sterilizer product. Moreover, the caught
Metarhizium anisopliae , and spores and crystalline RPW adults can be also contaminated with insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringensis. A water entomopathogens inside to the trap and when they are
reservoir connected with the contamination room released in the environment they can spread the
assures a high humidity environment which is disease to other adults/larvae.
fundamental for the survival of Metarhizium Despite the high potential of this technique for
anisopliae and Bacillus thuringensis. Few minutes controlling RPW, no information is available on
of staying in the contamination room are sufficient for
An Advanced Catch-and-Release Trap for Controlling the Red Palm Weevil
Fig. 1 Catch-and-release trap developed by Green World Consulting.
Contamination
Pherohormone
Sterilization room
room with plate
LED lights
dispenser
with spray system
containing spores
and hyphae
Counter
Fig. 2 Operating scheme of catch-and-release trap developed by Green World Consulting.
infecting the RPW adults. After the third room, the collected from the exit door after they were sprayed sterilized and infected RPW adults are automatically
with the chemical sterilizer. A control treatment was counted (infrared digital counter + datalogger located
also established in which teen couples of RPW were into the exit door) and released into the environment
not treated with chemical sterilizer. The RPW pests where they reach new palms and join natural
were then putted into two 50 L-boxes (one for those populations of RPW adults.
treated with chemical sterilizer and one for the Three experiments were conducted during summer
untreated ones) with a layer of 20 cm of vermiculate 2012 at the Experimental Station of Green World S.r.l.
and five apples on the top of the vermiculite layer. in Lanuvio (Rome) Central Italy (lat. 41.67° N, long.
The apples were continuously added as needed. The 12.7° E, altitude 324 m above the sea level) to validate
larvae were harvested from each box after 50 days and the efficacy of catch-and-release trap. In the first
counted. In the second experiment, a trap activated experiment, a trap activated only with chemical
only with Metarhizium anisopliae and Bacillus sterilizer lufenuron was used. Teen couples of RPW
thuringensis was used. Teen couples of RPW (which (which were obtained by cocoons previously were obtained by cocoons previously harvested in harvested in infested palms keeping separate the adult
infested palms) were putted into the first room of the males from the adult females that hatched from the
trap one by one. The RPW were collected from the cocoons to prevent fertilisation) were putted into the
exit door after they pass through the contamination first room of the trap one by one. The RPW were
room. A control treatment was also established in
An Advanced Catch-and-Release Trap for Controlling the Red Palm Weevil
which teen couples of RPW were not treated with other pests. For example, a significant reduction in entomopathogens. The RPW pests were then putted
fecundity and fertility, as well as survival of into 50 mL-jars (one treated adult for each jar). In
individuals of the first generation, was recorded when each jar, an untreated middle stage larva was added to
adults of Anastrepha suspensa Loew were fed a diet verify the spread of the entomopathogens from the
containing 0.1% diflubenzuron. Similarly, a marked treated adult and the untreated larva. In each jar pieces
decline in egg production and fertility in A. ludens of apples were putted to feed the insects. The number
Loew was observed in the laboratory following of dead adults and larvae was counted every day from
treatment with cyromazine. Finally, fertility of four the moment when the adult treated with Anastrepha species was significantly reduced when entomopathogens was placed in the same jar with
the adults were fed with the insect growth regulator untreated larva. In the third experiment, the ability of
lufenuron [3]. In the second experiment, the the trap to attract RPW adults was tested. Two 50 m 2 entomopathogens showed a high activity against RPW
greenhouse compartments were used. Each adults with a mortality of 91% within 17 days from compartment contained one catch-and-release trap. In
the infection with entomopathogens. Moreover, the each compartment, 15 couples of RPW adults were
entomopathogens present in the body of adults were released. In one compartment, the trap was activated
able to infect the untreated larvae contained in the adding the aggregation pherohormone (Rhyfer 220,
same jars. In fact, the larvae showed a mortality of Intrachem, Italy) the chemical sterilizer solution and
93% within 30 days. In the control treatment, the the entomopatogens. In both compartments, five palm
mortality of adults and larvae was very low (7% and trees (1 m tall) were planted in pots of diameter 80 cm
10% for adults and larvae, respectively). Similar using a substrate containing peat and pumice (2:1 w/w)
results were reported by Gindin et al. [4] who showed and organic fertilizer Guanito (Italpollina S.p.A.) at
a cumulative RPW adult mortality of 100% in 2-3 the rate of 4 g/L. Plants were grown under natural
weeks treating the adults with a dry rice-based light conditions with air temperature ranging from
formulation and in 4-5 weeks treating the adults with a
20 °C to 32 °C. In each compartment, the number of spore suspension. In the third experiment, it was caught RPW adults by the trap was recorded with a
observed that the aggregation pherohormone was able datalogger.
to attract 48 RPW adults to enter into the trap during All data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA
20 days while in second greenhouse compartment, the using the SPSS software package (SPSS 10 for
number of adults that during the same period entered Windows, 2001). Duncan’s multiple range test was
into the trap without aggregation pheroromone was performed at p = 0.05 on each of the significant
zero. Moreover, visual observations showed that variables measured.
caught RPW insects had a low tendency to re-enter into the trap in a short time due probably to a
3. Results and Discussion
“memory” of the negative experience of the pest into The first experiments showed that the spray
the trap. The data confirmed the effectiveness of the application of lufenuron on RPW adults strongly
new catch-and-release trap on monitoring and reduced the fertility of the RPW. In fact, the number
controlling RPW population in controlled of larvae recorded into the box containing treated
environment. In fact, the trap was very effective in RPW adults was lower than that recorded in box
catching RPW adults and reducing their fertility containing untreated adults (4 vs. 110 larvae). The
through treatment with lufenuron solution. Moreover, above findings are in line with the results obtained in
both entomopathoges were extremely active to cause
An Advanced Catch-and-Release Trap for Controlling the Red Palm Weevil
the death of RPW adults and larvae. However, conducted at the Experimental Station of Green World additional tests are needed in palm fields to evaluate
S.r.l. by Nabawy Metwaly while Giuseppe Colla gave the effectiveness of the advanced catch-and-release
only a support for the statistical analysis and trap in natural conditions. Moreover, the advanced
agronomic advices for the soilless cultivation of catch-and-release trap can be used in an integrated
palms.
pest management strategy together with the
References
endotherapic method “Tree vital endopalm” [2] to control the RPW population in a safe and [1] R.A.A.M. El-Mergawy, A.M. Al-Ajlan, Red palm weevil,
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus environmentally friendly way. The advanced (Olivier): Economic importance, biology, biogeography and integrated pest
catch-and-release trap could also be useful for management, Journal of Agricultural Science and monitoring and early detection of red palm weevil
Technology A 1 (2011) 1-23.
pests in palm crops. Based on the research activities of [2] M. Nabawy, Metwaly method endotherapic injection for Al-Saoud et al. [5], it would be interesting to evaluate palm trees: The new methods used to control the red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier), Acta Hort.
other trap colors (e.g. red) to improve the
882 (2010) 977-984.
effectiveness of the trap in catching the RPW. [3] P. Moya, S.I. Flores Ayala, J. Sanchis, P. Montova, J. Primo, Evaluation of lufenuron as a chemosterilant
Acknowledgments
against fruit flies of genus Anastrepha, Pest Manag. Sci. The author would like to thank Dr. Giuseppe Colla,
66 (2009) 657-663. [4] G. Gindin, S. Levski, I. Glazer, V. Soroker, Evaluation of
Coordinator of the Ph.D. program on Horticulture at an entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and
the Department DAFNE, University of Tuscia, Italy, Beauveria bassiana against the red palm weevil for the support on the statistical analysis and the
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus , Phytoparasitica 4 (2006) agronomic advices for the soilless cultivation of 370-379. [5] A.H. Al-Saoud, M.A. Al-Deeb, A.K. Murchie, Effect of
palms. color on the trapping effectiveness of red palm weewil
The research activities on red palm weevil were pheromone traps, J. Entomol. 7 (2010) 54-59.
Jan. 2013, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 89-91 Journal of Life Sciences, ISSN 1934-7391, USA
Tracking, Obedience and Defense between Belgian Shepherd Malinois and German Shepherd Dog
1 1 2 Ivana Gardiánová 3 , Martina Helclová , Stanislav Koráb and Lenka Hradecká
1. Demonstrational and Experimental Workplace, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague 6, Suchdol, 165 21, Czech Republic 2. Police of Czech Republic, Group of Special Dog Operations, Czech Republic 3. Department of Animal Husbandry and Ethology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life
Sciences Prague, Prague 6, Suchdol, 165 21, Czech Republic
Received: September 05, 2012 / Accepted: November 08, 2012 / Published: January 30, 2013.
Abstract: Dogs are used for centuries as people helpers. One of possible use is a sport and service. BSM (Belgian Shepherd Malinois) and GS (German shepherd) dogs are most used breeds like service dogs and also most represented at sports competitions. Our aim was to compare the results of these breeds in the World Cup of International tests of working dogs (in years 2003-2011), which is the peak of competitions. The authors evaluated results of German shepherd dog performance test and Belgian shepherd Malinois performance in disciplines such as tracking, obedience and defense. Belgian Shepherds achieved in all disciplines higher score than German shepherds. It was found out that Belgian shepherd Malinois get significant higher score in all disciplines (tracking, obedience and defense) than German shepherd. However, both of breeds are used successfully as service dogs.
Key words: German shepherd dog, Belgian shepherd Malinois, performance test, comparison.
1. Introduction commission. This testing procedure is valid for all the FCI members [2].
It is very important for each dog breed presentation on exhibition or participation in the competitions.
2. Material and Methods
Sport competitions are highest proportions of the The World Cup FCI IPO was assessed to found performance of all breeds. out differences in success rate between GS and BSM. Breeds of dogs are used for a variety of activities In the evaluation, there were 799 dogs and 418 were [1]. Belgian shepherd dogs and German shepherds are German shepherds and 381 of them were Belgian most common to see than other breeds in sports shepherd dogs. This study is to compare obedience, cynology or services, both of them are significantly defense and tracking between German shepherds and applied. BSM (Belgian shepherd Malinois) is docile, Belgian shepherd Malinois during 2003-2011. We fast and agile. GS (German shepherd dog) is the most
used the program SAS 9.2 © , two-sided Wilcoxon common breed. Performance of dogs is evaluated
test.
using the International Examination Regulations of International tests of working dogs processed FCI
3. Results and Discussion
(Fédération Cynologique Internationale) working We found no other results to this evaluation.
German shepherd dogs are more easily adaptable Corresponding author: Ivana Gardiánová, Ph.D., assistant professor, research fields: animal breeding and enrichment.
than Belgian shepherd Malinois to change handler, are E-mail: [email protected].
90 Tracking, Obedience and Defense between Belgian Shepherd Malinois and German Shepherd Dog
Table 1 Tracking, obedience and defense.
Breed/disc. Track 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average BSM
95.8 a 88.4 82.2 72 79.6 86.6 87.3 91.2 85.4 GS
92.8 b 84 76 67.5 76.4 83.6 73.7 92.4 80.7 Obedience
2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average BSM
87.5 a 90.2 a 88.8 89.3 a 88.1 a 86.5 a 87.1 a 86.9 a 87.9 a GS
84.1 b 83.4 b 87.3 86.4 b 84.7 b 83.3 b 83.9 b 83.2 b 84.5 b Defense
2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average BSM
88.8 a 89.7 a 89.9 89.2 a 92.1 a 87.4 a 84.9 a 88.7 a 88.8 a GS
83.2 b 81.9 b 87.5 82.6 b 88 b 83 b 78.3 b 84.3 b 83.5 b BSM: Belgian Shepherd Malinois, GS: German Shepherd dog; a, b: significant differences P < 0.05, bold type.
better managed in public housing, have a higher shepherd dog is more preferable to sport as active in concentration at work. The Belgian shepherd Malinois
training, harder and faster. German shepherd dog is are more hectic, manage poorly in changes handlers
more impressive for wide use – sport, service, home; and don’t tolerate public housing [3]. In the current
it has better habits for a new handler and more political climate is a growing demand for these
balanced character than Belgian shepherd dog. specially trained dogs. These two breeds are the most
4. Conclusion
commonly used as working dogs. For some tasks are
some breeds more suitable [4]. It is confirmed that Belgian shepherd Malinois was in the overall behavior, gender and others affect education or
evaluation for 8 years better than German shepherd environment [5]. Equally important is the correct
dog at the World Cup competition. From the results socialization and the owner. Higher temperament and
for each year, it is clear that the Belgian shepherd perseverance led to an increase in the number of first
always reached a higher rating in some years preferred Belgian shepherd Malinois than German
statistically significant. German shepherd dogs get shepherds [6]. BSM is also popular in sports and
higher score in next two disciplines about obedience began placing in recent time as winner in many sports and defense. This shepherd breed is primarily dog for competitions, is taking an important place in service. top sports. It has light-weight body, high speed and The Belgian shepherd Malinois’s health has strong endurance in obedience. It is clear that the use important role, the breed has greater dexterity, speed for sports or service will depend on many other factors and lower weight, is successfully deployed, where the
too.
performances are easier to service, action and do not last long, impressive in obedience and defense than
Acknowledgments
German shepherd dog. Evaluating the results (Table 1), Belgian shepherd dog has significant higher score in
This study was financed by the Grant of Interior of disciplines as defense and obedience. Belgian the Czech Rep. (MV ČR VF20112014012) and MEYS
shepherd Malinois had in tracking discipline also
Czech Rep. 6046070901.
higher score, significantly in 2003. Belgian shepherd
References
Malinois overtook German shepherd in tracking discipline in 2011. On the Czech National Cup, BSM
[1] D.L. Sinn, S.D. Gosund, S. Hilliard, Personality and also get higher score than GS in defense and performance in military working dogs, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 127 (2010) 51-65.
obedience [7]. About Belgian shepherd, male’s scores [2] L. Šveráková, J. Hodek, Zkušební řád pro mezinárodní are higher than females, in comparison to other
zkoušly pracovních ps ů a mezinárodní zkoušku psa varieties was BSM best suited for service [8]. Belgian
stopa ře. Český kynologický dvaz Prague (2012) 67-68.
91
Tracking, Obedience and Defense between Belgian Shepherd Malinois and German Shepherd Dog
(in Czech) [6] W. Burghardt, Behavioral considerations in the [3] R. Haas, pers. comm. 2012. (unpublished)
management of working dogs, Veterinary Clinical Small [4] J.M. Slabbert, J.S. Odendaal, Early prediction of adult
Animals 33 (2003) 417-446. police dog efficiency—A longitudinal study, [7] S. Koráb, Chov belgického ov čáka Malinois se Applied Animal Behaviour Science 64 (1999)
zam ěřením na využití dle IPO, Thesis, CULS Prague, 269-288.
2008, p. 55. (in Czech)
[5] K. Svartberg, A comparison of behaviour in test and in [8] J.F. Courreau, B. Langlois, Genetic parameters and everyday life of three consistent boldness-related
environmental effects which characterise the defence personality traits in dogs, Applied Animal Behavioral
ability of the Belgian shepherd dog, Applied Animal Science 91 (2005) 103-128.
Behaviour Science 91 (2005) 233-245.
Jan. 2013, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 92-95 Journal of Life Sciences, ISSN 1934-7391, USA
Evaluation of Road Accidents in Pristina in the Period 2009-2012
1 2 2 3 Basri Lenjani 4 , Salih Krasniqi , Nehat Baftiu , Ilaz Bunjaku and Arianit Jakupi 1. Emergency Centre, University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, Pristine 10000, Republic of Kosovo
2. Anesthesiology Clinics , University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, Pristine 10000, Republic of Kosovo 3. Radiology Clinic, University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, Pristine 10000, Republic of Kosova 4. A2, Pharmaceutical Consulting Agency, Pristine 10000, Republic of Kosova
Received: June 20, 2012 / Accepted: October 10, 2012 / Published: January 30, 2013.
Abstract: Approximately 15,000-17,000 thousand people die worldwide in traffic accidents as a consequence of all types of injuries. This study has a descriptive nature. It is based on data obtained from archives including the treatment database of the Emergency Center. The period January 2009 to December 2012 has been considered for this research. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of fatal road traffic accidents in Pristine, Kosovo, and describe their determinants. The number of injured in traffic accidents who have sought emergency medical assistance in the Emergency Center from January 2009 to December 2012 is increasing significantly. It is concluded that except reasons mentioned above and among others, there also are the following factors: enormous increase of number of persons equipped with driving license, driving speeds above limits which are considered to be the primary cause of the road traffic accidents. These findings can serve as a basis for health care professionals and policymakers to create preventive measures for traffic accidents.
Key words: Emergency center, accident, traffic.
1. Introduction coming from the road accidents and this led to making this research about the frequency of the road accidents
Working in Emergency centre allows one to be
in Kosovo.
experienced with many and different types of injuries There were many reasons for this increase and one or needs from people. The important part of these is related to the situation right after the war of 1999 injuries are those that are caused from road traffic in Kosovo. Following the war during the year 1999, accidents which also causes a lot of stress and many radical social-economic changes have professional “problem” to emergency doctors since happened in Kosovo accompanied by a very rapid many of these require very fast response. From the dynamic development in the field of road total number of deaths worldwide ， road traffic transportation. Within the shortest time period, there accidents as a consequence of all types of injuries was an enormous increase in number of vehicles in comprise 12% of the specific weight of diseases. The our country and this increase was also accompanied traffic accidents are ranked in the third group as a with an increase in the number of accidents on the main cause of death for the age 1-40 years. [1, 3] In streets of Kosovo. According to WHO, deaths from another research in the Emergency Centre of Kosovo, road accidents compose 23-25% of all deaths caused it is noticed that there are many injured patients from the injuries [1, 4, 6]. Approximately 85% of
deaths worldwide in the road traffic accidents happen Corresponding author: Basri Lenjani, Ph.D., research field: emergency. E-mail: [email protected].
in the streets, 90% to 96% of injured children are
Evaluation of Road Accidents in Pristina in the Period 2009-2012
threatened by death as a result of road accidents accidents who have sought emergency medical occurring in countries with a low or medium
assistance in the Emergency Center from January economic level.
2009 to December 2012 was 173,563. The total number of sick, injured and poisoned
2. Materials and Methods
persons who have sought emergency medical This study has a descriptive nature. It is based on
assistance in the Emergency Center from January to data obtained from archives—the treatment database
December 2009 was 44,111, and 2,235 or 5.06% of of the Emergency Center. The period January 2009-
which were injured in the road traffic accidents. December 2012 has been considered for this research.
In the period January to December 2010, the total The used criterion for this research was the number of sick, injured and poisoned persons who distribution of vehicle accidents on a yearly basis,
have sought emergency medical assistance in the injuries based on systems, vehicle drivers based on
Emergency Center was 43,610, and 2,148 or 5.00% of their sex, age, causes, accident location, road type,
which were injured in the road traffic accidents. accident type and presence of driving permit.
In the period January to December 2011, the total number of sick, injured and poisoned persons who
3. Results
have sought emergency medical assistance in the The Fig. 1 below shows some of the types of
Emergency Center was 44,228, and the total number injuries from road traffic accidents in Kosovo. The
of injured in the road traffic accidents was 2,774, or total number of injured persons in road traffic
Fig. 1 Injuries in some of the accidents on the roads of Kosovo.
Table 1 Distribution of the road traffic accidents according to years.
Year
Number of injured
Number of deaths
Table 2 Distribution of the injured according to the years.
Percentage 2009 44,111
Year Total number of sick, injured and poisoned persons
Number of traffic accidents
94 Evaluation of Road Accidents in Pristina in the Period 2009-2012
In the period January to December 2012, the total
Table 8 Distrubution of the accidents according to the
number of sick, injured and poisoned who have sought type of vehicle.
emergency medical assistance in the Emergency Number of accidents Cars 6,780
Type of vehicle
Center was 41,614, 2,384, or 5.72% of which were Motocycles 1,7 18 injured from road traffic accidents
Bicycles 910
4. Discussion and Conclusion
Table 9 Distribution of accidents according to the possession of driving licenses.
The results of the research conducted in the
Possessing of the driving license
Emergency Center during the period 2007-2010 are Yes 87% No 13%
Table 3 Distribution of vehicle drivers according to the sex.
Sex of the drivers
showing an enormous increase in the number of road Male
Number
traffic accidents. In this increase, except reasons Female
mentioned above and among others, the following
Table 4 Distribution of the drivers according to the age
factors have contributed to increased number of
groups.
accidents: enormous increase of number of persons Age group
Number
equipped with driving license which is also described 20-25
15-19
in the literature [6], driving speeds above limits which 26-35
are considered to be the primary cause of the road 36-45
traffic accidents.
46-60
45 Notwithstanding these limitations, it is beliveved >60 years
that this study provides useful evidence on the
Table 5 Distribution of the accidents according to the cause.
magnitude and determinants of fatal road traffic Cause of accident
accidents in Pristine. In order to decrease and prevent High speed
Number of accidents
Different 18% the burden of road traffic injuries, education programs Negligence of the pedestrian
targeting especially young road users, including Negligence of the bicyclist
drivers, riders, and pedestrians, should be Left the scene of the accident
implemented. In conclusion, health care professionals Loss of control
and policymakers should be aware of health and Consumption of alcohol
Technical defect
economic impact of traffic injuries in Albania and of the importance of the introduction of preventive
Table 6 Distribution of the accidents according to the type of the road.
measures.
The important factors causing accidents were the Descending
Type of the roads
Number
consumption of alcohol before or during driving, Straight
non-wearing of seat belts and protective helmets for Ascending
motor and bicycles. The worldwide data show that the
role of the safety belts enables a reduction of health
Table 7 Distribution of the accidents according to the time
consequences [1-3]. Furthermore, establishment of a Time of the accidents
of accident.
long-term national strategy on road safety, including Night 4,920
Number of accidents
an effective surveillance system, can significantly help Before the noon
to control and prevent road traffic injuries [9].
Afternoon 408 There is no precise data from the Kosovo police
95
Evaluation of Road Accidents in Pristina in the Period 2009-2012
service in regard to the existing correlation between [3] V. Impairment, Research Project, UK Department for wearing the safety belt and the degree of damage to Transport [Online], http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/ roadsafety/ research/rsrr/theme3/, 2008
the injured, as these data are not taken by the traffic [4] J. Adams, The efficacy of seat belt legislation, SAE police when an accident happens.
Transactions [Online], http://www.geog.ucl.ac.uk/ The data could have been affected by
~jadams/PDFs/SAE%20seatbelts.pdf, 2009. underreporting of traffic injuries, especially non-fatal [5] The Good, the Bad and the Talented: Young Drivers’ Perspectives on Good Driving and Learning to Drive,
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Limited report, 2006.
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