THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RECIPROCAL TEACHING TECHNIQUE IN TEACHING READING COMPREHENSION AT THE SECOND GRADE OF SMP NEGERI 8 METRO
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RECIPROCAL TEACHING TECHNIQUE
IN TEACHING READING COMPREHENSION AT THE SECOND
GRADE OF SMP NEGERI 8 METRO
(A Script)
By
MAULISA MUHAS
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
LAMPUNG UNIVERSITY
BANDAR LAMPUNG
2012
ix
ABSTRACT
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RECIPROCAL TEACHING TECHNIQUE
IN TEACHING READING COMPREHENSION AT THE SECOND
GRADE OF SMP NEGERI 8 METRO
By
MAULISA MUHAS
It is generally acknowledged that the students’ reading comprehension is still low.
One of the causes that is suitable for this problem is the teacher’s technique used
for teaching reading. In this case, the writer tried to solve the problem by having
the implementation of reciprocal teaching technique in teaching reading
comprehension at the second grade of SMP Negeri 8 Metro.
Therefore, the objectives of the research are to find out whether there is a
difference between students’ reading comprehension score before and after being
taught through Reciprocal teaching technique at the second year of SMP Negeri 8
Metro and to investigate the prosess of teaching reading by using Reciprocal
teaching technique.
The research was conducted at SMP Negeri 8 Metro. This research was a
quantitative research and used one group pretest posttest design. The writer chose
VIII.A as an experimental class. The data were gained by administering a set of
pretest and posttest. The three treatments were conducted in the experimental
class. The hypothesis was tested by using repeated measures t-test.
The test result showed that the mean difference of pretest and posttest was 27.46.
In which the students’ mean score in pretest was 55.81 increased into 83.27 in the
posttest. It showed that there is a difference between students’ reading
comprehension score before and after being taught through Reciprocal Teaching
Technique and makes Reciprocal Teaching Technique becomes effective in
increasing students’ reading comprehension.
ix
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RECIPROCAL TEACHING TECHNIQUE
IN TEACHING READING COMPREHENSION AT THE SECOND
GRADE OF SMP NEGERI 8 METRO
By
MAULISA MUHAS
A Script
Submitted in a Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirement for S-1 Degree in English Education
in
Language and Arts Education Department of
The Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
LAMPUNG UNIVERSITY
BANDAR LAMPUNG
2012
ix
Research Title
: THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RECIPROCAL
TEACHING TECHNIQUE IN TEACHING
READING COMPREHENSION AT THE SECOND
GRADE OF SMP NEGERI 8 METRO
Student’s Name
: MAULISA MUHAS
Student’s Number
: 0743042021
Department
: Language and Arts Education
Study Program
: English Education
Faculty
: Teacher Training and Education
APPROVED BY:
Advisory Committee
Advisor
Co-Advisor
Drs. Hery Yufrizal, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP 19600719 198511 1 001
Budi Kadaryanto, S.Pd., M.A.
NIP 19810326 200501 1 002
The Chairperson of
Language and Arts Education Department
Drs. Imam Rejana, M.Si.
NIP 19480421 1978031 004
ix
ADMITTED BY
1. Examination Committee
Chairperson
: Drs. Hery Yufrizal, M.A., Ph.D.
.......................
Examiner
: Dr. Muhammad Sukirlan, M.A.
.......................
Secretary
: Budi Kadaryanto, S.Pd., M.A.
.......................
2. The Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty
Dr. H. Bujang Rahman, M.Si.
NIP 19600315 198503 1 003
Graduated on: August 6th 2012
ix
CURRICULUM VITAE
Maulisa Muhas was born on October 8th, 1989 in Metro, Lampung. She is the
second child and also the last from a great couple, Muhammad Hasan and Wiwik
Syam’in. Her father is a civil servant in Badan Pertanahan Nasional and her
mother is a teacher in SMP Negeri 8 Metro. She has a beloved older brother,
Hengki Budi Darmawan.
She started her study from kindergarten at TK Aisiyah and graduated in 1995. In
the same year, she joined Elementary School at SD Muhammadiyah Metro and
graduated 2001. She continued at SLTP Negeri 1 Metro and graduated in 2004.
She continued her study at SMA Negeri 1 Metro and graduated in 2007. Having
graduated from senior high school she enrolled English Education Study Program
at the Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Lampung University. She
accomplished her PPL as one of the requirements of FKIP students at SMA AlAzhar 3 Bandar Lampung from July 2011 to September 2011.
ix
DEDICATION
This paper is dedicated to:
Beloved Mama
Beloved Papa
Beloved Older Brother
Beloved Families
Beloved Friends
Almamater, Lampung University
ix
MOTTO
“Always plant positive thoughts within you
then
you will get positive results as well”
-
The Writer -
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah, the beneficent and merciful. All praise is merely to The
Mightiest Allah SWT, the lord of the world, for the gracious mercy and
tremendous blessing that enable the writer to accomplish this script entitled “The
Implementation of Reciprocal Teaching Technique in Teaching Reading
Comprehension at The Second Grade Of SMP Negeri 8 Metro”. This script is
submitted as a compulsory fulfillment of the requirements for S1 degree of
English Education Study Program at Teacher Training and Education Faculty,
University of Lampung.
It is important to be known that the script would have never come into existence
without any supports, encouragements, and assistance by several gorgeous
persons. It is the great honor for the writer to make acknowledgement of
indebtedness to convey her sincere gratitude to:
1.
Drs. Hery Yufrizal, M. A., Ph.D., as the writer’s first advisor, for his
willingness to give assistance, ideas, encouragement, and scientific
knowledge within this time during this script writing process.
2.
Budi Kadaryanto, S. Pd., M.A., as the co-advisor, for his kindness,
suggestions, and the patience in guiding the writer in finishing this script,
and his friend from Netherland, Gerardus Johannes Arnoldus Gert-Jan van
Westerlaak (Mas Yanto), thank you for his valuable knowledge,
suggestions, ideas, cares and helps to make this script more valuable.
3.
Dr. Muhammad Sukirlan, M.A., as the examiner who has given his inputs,
advices and guidance during the completion the script.
4.
Slamet, S.Pd., as the Headmaster and Siswanti, S.Pd., as the English teacher
of the second grade of SMP Negeri 8 Metro for their kindness during the
research process. All students of class VIII A, academic year 2011/2012 at
SMP Negeri 8 Metro.
5.
My beloved father and mother, Drs. Hi. M. Hasan, M.H. and Dra. Hj.
Wiwik Syam’in, for their love, support and continuous patience and
guidance. May Allah SWT pay their love and devotion back within his
never ending blessing. My beloved brother, Hengki Budi Darmawan,
ix
S.Kom. And all my big family who cannot be mentioned directly in this
script. Thanks for your support and love.
6.
Prof. Dr.Cucu Sutarsyah, M.A., as the Chair Person of English Education
Study Program, and all lecturers in English Education Study Program.
7.
Drs. Imam Rejana, M.Si., as the Chair Person of Language and Arts
Department.
8.
Dr. H. Bujang Rahman, M.Si., as The Dean of Teacher Training and
Education Faculty of Lampung University.
9.
Her beloved friends in English Department ’07: Elvita H.,S.Pd., Muhammad
“KARDUS” Kharisma, Seftia R.,S.Pd., Romandani Adyan,S.Pd., Delia
Elmanisya,S.Pd., and many more that can not be mentioned. Ex-English
Education Study Program, Rima Septiana, Puput Heri Waskito, Rahmawati
Bekti and some friends that can not be mentioned. Thanks for nice
friendship and togetherness, it will not be forgotten.
10. Her close friends, Dian Asri and Pita Lokita (big hug), Juni, Jerry, Jefry,
Gilang, S.IP., Teh Risma, Angga, Era, Helen, Indah, Rita, Sela, Dimas,
Ipan, Cori “oi”, Affandi A., Tika Cege, Andi Febrian¸ Siska, Noni, Sis Ria,
my ex-band “D’Stage” (keep on rockin’ gurls) and D’Jails, and all close
friends that can not be mentioned, thanks for their motivations.
Finally, yet importantly, the writer realizes that this script still has some weakness
and mistakes. Thus, she would be grateful to accept any suggestion and correction
from anyone for the better writing. Hopefully, this script can give benefit to the
readers or those who want to carry out further research.
Bandar Lampung,
The Writer
Maulisa Muhas
ix
August 2012
LIST OF TABLES
Table
3.1 Specification of Data Collecting Instrument (Try-Out Test) ....................
4.1 Statistics Computation of Pretest Scores ..................................................
4.2 Distribution Frequency of Pretest Scores..................................................
4.3 Statistics Computation of Posttest Scores .................................................
4.4 Distribution Frequency of Posttest Scores ................................................
4.5 The Mean Score of Pretest and Posttest ....................................................
4.6 The Data Analysis ....................................................................................
Page
34
43
44
45
45
46
51
REFERENCES
Alvermann, D. E. and Phelps, S. F. (1998). Reading Strategies Scaffolding
Students’ Interactions with Texts. New York: Greece Central School
District. (http://www.greece.k12.ny.us/instruction/ela/612/reading/Reading Strategies/Reciprocal Teaching.rtf).
Alyousef, H. S. (2005). Teaching Reading Comprehension to ESL/EFL Learners.
The Reading Matrix Vol.5, No.2, September 2005. Updated on 5th
December 2008./Rider.co.id.
Arikunto, S. (2006). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Dikdatik Edisi Revisi.
Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Brown, D. A. (1982). Reading Diagnosis and Remediation. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Bond, G. L. and Tinker, M. (1996). Reading Difficulties: Their Diagnosis and
Correction. Englewood Ciffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Christian, B. and Marry, N. B. (1976). Progress in Understanding Reading. New
York: Guilford.
Cooper, J. D., Edna, W. W. and Dorothy, A. S. (1988). The What and How of
Reading Instruction. Columbus, OH: Merrill Publishing Company.
Dallman, R. L. (1982). Teaching of Reading. Washington: CBS College
Publishing.
Depdiknas. (2006). Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan Sekolah Menegah
Pertama. Jakarta:Depdiknas.
Grabe, W. (2000). Reading Research and Its Implications for Reading
Assessment. In A. Kunnan (Ed), Fairness and Validation in Language
Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gunning, T. G. (1992). Creating Reading Instruction for all Children. Boston,
MA: Allyn and Bacon, Inc.
Hatch, E. and Farhady, H. (1982). Research Design and Statistic for Applied
Linguistics. London: New Bury House Production, Inc.
Hedge, T. (2003). Teaching & Learning in The Language Classroom. London:
Oxford. University Press.
Henning, G. (1987). A Guide to Language Testing. USA: New Bury House
Publishers.
Hughes, A. (1989). Testing for Language Teachers. Great Britain: Cambridge
University Press.
Kelly, R. (2004). Test Prep Guide. (http:/testprep.about.com/).
Klinger, J. K. and Vaughn, S. (1996). Accessed on 15 Augustus 2008
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_teaching)
Krashen, S, D. and Terrell, T. (1988). The Natural Approach. London: Prentice –
Hall, Inc.
Kustaryo, S. (1998). Reading Techniques for College Students. Jakarta: Proyek
Pengembangan Lembaga Pendidikan Tenaga Pendidikan.
Miller, C., Miller, L. and Rose, L. (1998). Modified Reciprocal Teaching in A
Regular Classroom. New York: Journal of experimental Education.
Nuttal, C. (1982). Teaching Reading Skills in Foreign Language. London:
Heinemann Education Books.
Palinscar, A. S. and Brown, A. (1984). Reciprocal Teaching of Comprehension
Fostering and Comprehension Monitoring Activities. Cognition and
Instruction. New York: College Board Publications.
Palinscar, A. S. and Brown, A. (1984). Retrieved February 4, 2009. Reciprocal
Teaching. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory.
(http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/pathwayg.htm).
Rosenshine, B. and Meister, C. (1994). Reciprocal Teaching: A Review of the
Research. San Diego: Language Arts Cadre 95.
Rubin, D. (1993). A Practical Aprooach to Teaching Reading. Needham
Heights, MA. Allyn and Bacon.
Shohamy, E. (1985). A Practical Handbook in Language Testing for the Second
Language Teachers. Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University.
Simanjuntak, E. G. (1989). Developing Reading Skills EFL Students. P2LTK.
Jakarta: Depdikbud.
Smith, F. (1978). Reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Universitas Lampung. (2006). Pedoman Penulisan Karya Ilmiah. Lampung:
University Press.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Abstract ........................................................................................................
Admission .....................................................................................................
Curriculum Vitae ..........................................................................................
Dedication ....................................................................................................
Motto ............................................................................................................
Acknowledgement ........................................................................................
Table of Contents .........................................................................................
List of Tables ................................................................................................
List of Appendices .......................................................................................
I.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Problem ...........................................................
1.2 Research Problems .........................................................................
1.3 Objectives of the Research ............................................................
1.4 Uses of the Research .....................................................................
1.5 Scope of the Research ...................................................................
1.6 Definition of the Terms .................................................................
i
ii
v
vi
vii
viii
x
xii
xiii
1
4
4
5
5
6
II. FRAME OF THEORIES
2.1 Concept of Reading ......................................................................
2.2 Concept of Reading Comprehension ...........................................
2.3 Concept of Teaching Reading ......................................................
2.4 The Nature of Recount Text ..........................................................
2.5 Concept of Reciprocal Teaching Technique .................................
2.6 Procedures of Teaching Reading Comprehension through Reciprocal
Teaching Technique .......................................................................
2.7 The Strengths and Weakness of Reciprocal Teaching Technique .
2.7.1 The Strengths of Reciprocal Teaching Technique ................
2.7.2 The Weakness of Reciprocal Teaching Technique ...............
2.8 Theoretical Assumption ................................................................
2.9 Hypothesis .....................................................................................
25
26
27
27
III. RESEARCH METHODS
3.1 Research Design .............................................................................
3.2 Population and Sample...................................................................
3.3 Data Collecting Technique ............................................................
3.4 Research Procedures ......................................................................
3.5 Instrument ......................................................................................
28
29
29
30
32
xi
7
9
14
16
17
20
3.6 Scoring System ..............................................................................
3.7 Criteria of Good Test .....................................................................
3.7.1 Validity .................................................................................
3.7.2 Reliability .............................................................................
3.7.3 Level of Difficulty ................................................................
3.7.4 Discrimination Power ...........................................................
3.8 Data Analysis .................................................................................
3.9 Hypothesis Test ..............................................................................
IV. RESEARCH AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Result of the Research ....................................................................
4.1.1 Result of Try-out Test ...........................................................
4.1.1.1 Validity of the Test ...................................................
4.1.1.2 Reliability of the Test ...............................................
4.1.1.3 Level of Difficulty of the Test .................................
4.1.1.4 Discrimination Power of the Test ............................
4.1.2 Result of Pretest ...................................................................
4.1.3 Result of Posttest ..................................................................
4.1.4 The Improvement of Students’ Reading Comprehension .....
4.1.5 The Classroom Implementation in Teaching Learning Reading
through Reciprocal Teaching Technique ..............................
4.1.6 Hypothesis Testing ................................................................
4.2 Discussion and Finding ..................................................................
32
33
33
35
36
37
38
39
39
39
40
41
42
42
43
44
45
46
51
52
V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusions ....................................................................................
5.2 Suggestions ...................................................................................
61
62
REFERENCES ...........................................................................................
63
APPENDICES ............................................................................................
66
xi
IN TEACHING READING COMPREHENSION AT THE SECOND
GRADE OF SMP NEGERI 8 METRO
(A Script)
By
MAULISA MUHAS
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
LAMPUNG UNIVERSITY
BANDAR LAMPUNG
2012
ix
ABSTRACT
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RECIPROCAL TEACHING TECHNIQUE
IN TEACHING READING COMPREHENSION AT THE SECOND
GRADE OF SMP NEGERI 8 METRO
By
MAULISA MUHAS
It is generally acknowledged that the students’ reading comprehension is still low.
One of the causes that is suitable for this problem is the teacher’s technique used
for teaching reading. In this case, the writer tried to solve the problem by having
the implementation of reciprocal teaching technique in teaching reading
comprehension at the second grade of SMP Negeri 8 Metro.
Therefore, the objectives of the research are to find out whether there is a
difference between students’ reading comprehension score before and after being
taught through Reciprocal teaching technique at the second year of SMP Negeri 8
Metro and to investigate the prosess of teaching reading by using Reciprocal
teaching technique.
The research was conducted at SMP Negeri 8 Metro. This research was a
quantitative research and used one group pretest posttest design. The writer chose
VIII.A as an experimental class. The data were gained by administering a set of
pretest and posttest. The three treatments were conducted in the experimental
class. The hypothesis was tested by using repeated measures t-test.
The test result showed that the mean difference of pretest and posttest was 27.46.
In which the students’ mean score in pretest was 55.81 increased into 83.27 in the
posttest. It showed that there is a difference between students’ reading
comprehension score before and after being taught through Reciprocal Teaching
Technique and makes Reciprocal Teaching Technique becomes effective in
increasing students’ reading comprehension.
ix
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RECIPROCAL TEACHING TECHNIQUE
IN TEACHING READING COMPREHENSION AT THE SECOND
GRADE OF SMP NEGERI 8 METRO
By
MAULISA MUHAS
A Script
Submitted in a Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirement for S-1 Degree in English Education
in
Language and Arts Education Department of
The Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
LAMPUNG UNIVERSITY
BANDAR LAMPUNG
2012
ix
Research Title
: THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RECIPROCAL
TEACHING TECHNIQUE IN TEACHING
READING COMPREHENSION AT THE SECOND
GRADE OF SMP NEGERI 8 METRO
Student’s Name
: MAULISA MUHAS
Student’s Number
: 0743042021
Department
: Language and Arts Education
Study Program
: English Education
Faculty
: Teacher Training and Education
APPROVED BY:
Advisory Committee
Advisor
Co-Advisor
Drs. Hery Yufrizal, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP 19600719 198511 1 001
Budi Kadaryanto, S.Pd., M.A.
NIP 19810326 200501 1 002
The Chairperson of
Language and Arts Education Department
Drs. Imam Rejana, M.Si.
NIP 19480421 1978031 004
ix
ADMITTED BY
1. Examination Committee
Chairperson
: Drs. Hery Yufrizal, M.A., Ph.D.
.......................
Examiner
: Dr. Muhammad Sukirlan, M.A.
.......................
Secretary
: Budi Kadaryanto, S.Pd., M.A.
.......................
2. The Dean of Teacher Training and Education Faculty
Dr. H. Bujang Rahman, M.Si.
NIP 19600315 198503 1 003
Graduated on: August 6th 2012
ix
CURRICULUM VITAE
Maulisa Muhas was born on October 8th, 1989 in Metro, Lampung. She is the
second child and also the last from a great couple, Muhammad Hasan and Wiwik
Syam’in. Her father is a civil servant in Badan Pertanahan Nasional and her
mother is a teacher in SMP Negeri 8 Metro. She has a beloved older brother,
Hengki Budi Darmawan.
She started her study from kindergarten at TK Aisiyah and graduated in 1995. In
the same year, she joined Elementary School at SD Muhammadiyah Metro and
graduated 2001. She continued at SLTP Negeri 1 Metro and graduated in 2004.
She continued her study at SMA Negeri 1 Metro and graduated in 2007. Having
graduated from senior high school she enrolled English Education Study Program
at the Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Lampung University. She
accomplished her PPL as one of the requirements of FKIP students at SMA AlAzhar 3 Bandar Lampung from July 2011 to September 2011.
ix
DEDICATION
This paper is dedicated to:
Beloved Mama
Beloved Papa
Beloved Older Brother
Beloved Families
Beloved Friends
Almamater, Lampung University
ix
MOTTO
“Always plant positive thoughts within you
then
you will get positive results as well”
-
The Writer -
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah, the beneficent and merciful. All praise is merely to The
Mightiest Allah SWT, the lord of the world, for the gracious mercy and
tremendous blessing that enable the writer to accomplish this script entitled “The
Implementation of Reciprocal Teaching Technique in Teaching Reading
Comprehension at The Second Grade Of SMP Negeri 8 Metro”. This script is
submitted as a compulsory fulfillment of the requirements for S1 degree of
English Education Study Program at Teacher Training and Education Faculty,
University of Lampung.
It is important to be known that the script would have never come into existence
without any supports, encouragements, and assistance by several gorgeous
persons. It is the great honor for the writer to make acknowledgement of
indebtedness to convey her sincere gratitude to:
1.
Drs. Hery Yufrizal, M. A., Ph.D., as the writer’s first advisor, for his
willingness to give assistance, ideas, encouragement, and scientific
knowledge within this time during this script writing process.
2.
Budi Kadaryanto, S. Pd., M.A., as the co-advisor, for his kindness,
suggestions, and the patience in guiding the writer in finishing this script,
and his friend from Netherland, Gerardus Johannes Arnoldus Gert-Jan van
Westerlaak (Mas Yanto), thank you for his valuable knowledge,
suggestions, ideas, cares and helps to make this script more valuable.
3.
Dr. Muhammad Sukirlan, M.A., as the examiner who has given his inputs,
advices and guidance during the completion the script.
4.
Slamet, S.Pd., as the Headmaster and Siswanti, S.Pd., as the English teacher
of the second grade of SMP Negeri 8 Metro for their kindness during the
research process. All students of class VIII A, academic year 2011/2012 at
SMP Negeri 8 Metro.
5.
My beloved father and mother, Drs. Hi. M. Hasan, M.H. and Dra. Hj.
Wiwik Syam’in, for their love, support and continuous patience and
guidance. May Allah SWT pay their love and devotion back within his
never ending blessing. My beloved brother, Hengki Budi Darmawan,
ix
S.Kom. And all my big family who cannot be mentioned directly in this
script. Thanks for your support and love.
6.
Prof. Dr.Cucu Sutarsyah, M.A., as the Chair Person of English Education
Study Program, and all lecturers in English Education Study Program.
7.
Drs. Imam Rejana, M.Si., as the Chair Person of Language and Arts
Department.
8.
Dr. H. Bujang Rahman, M.Si., as The Dean of Teacher Training and
Education Faculty of Lampung University.
9.
Her beloved friends in English Department ’07: Elvita H.,S.Pd., Muhammad
“KARDUS” Kharisma, Seftia R.,S.Pd., Romandani Adyan,S.Pd., Delia
Elmanisya,S.Pd., and many more that can not be mentioned. Ex-English
Education Study Program, Rima Septiana, Puput Heri Waskito, Rahmawati
Bekti and some friends that can not be mentioned. Thanks for nice
friendship and togetherness, it will not be forgotten.
10. Her close friends, Dian Asri and Pita Lokita (big hug), Juni, Jerry, Jefry,
Gilang, S.IP., Teh Risma, Angga, Era, Helen, Indah, Rita, Sela, Dimas,
Ipan, Cori “oi”, Affandi A., Tika Cege, Andi Febrian¸ Siska, Noni, Sis Ria,
my ex-band “D’Stage” (keep on rockin’ gurls) and D’Jails, and all close
friends that can not be mentioned, thanks for their motivations.
Finally, yet importantly, the writer realizes that this script still has some weakness
and mistakes. Thus, she would be grateful to accept any suggestion and correction
from anyone for the better writing. Hopefully, this script can give benefit to the
readers or those who want to carry out further research.
Bandar Lampung,
The Writer
Maulisa Muhas
ix
August 2012
LIST OF TABLES
Table
3.1 Specification of Data Collecting Instrument (Try-Out Test) ....................
4.1 Statistics Computation of Pretest Scores ..................................................
4.2 Distribution Frequency of Pretest Scores..................................................
4.3 Statistics Computation of Posttest Scores .................................................
4.4 Distribution Frequency of Posttest Scores ................................................
4.5 The Mean Score of Pretest and Posttest ....................................................
4.6 The Data Analysis ....................................................................................
Page
34
43
44
45
45
46
51
REFERENCES
Alvermann, D. E. and Phelps, S. F. (1998). Reading Strategies Scaffolding
Students’ Interactions with Texts. New York: Greece Central School
District. (http://www.greece.k12.ny.us/instruction/ela/612/reading/Reading Strategies/Reciprocal Teaching.rtf).
Alyousef, H. S. (2005). Teaching Reading Comprehension to ESL/EFL Learners.
The Reading Matrix Vol.5, No.2, September 2005. Updated on 5th
December 2008./Rider.co.id.
Arikunto, S. (2006). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Dikdatik Edisi Revisi.
Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Brown, D. A. (1982). Reading Diagnosis and Remediation. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Bond, G. L. and Tinker, M. (1996). Reading Difficulties: Their Diagnosis and
Correction. Englewood Ciffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Christian, B. and Marry, N. B. (1976). Progress in Understanding Reading. New
York: Guilford.
Cooper, J. D., Edna, W. W. and Dorothy, A. S. (1988). The What and How of
Reading Instruction. Columbus, OH: Merrill Publishing Company.
Dallman, R. L. (1982). Teaching of Reading. Washington: CBS College
Publishing.
Depdiknas. (2006). Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan Sekolah Menegah
Pertama. Jakarta:Depdiknas.
Grabe, W. (2000). Reading Research and Its Implications for Reading
Assessment. In A. Kunnan (Ed), Fairness and Validation in Language
Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gunning, T. G. (1992). Creating Reading Instruction for all Children. Boston,
MA: Allyn and Bacon, Inc.
Hatch, E. and Farhady, H. (1982). Research Design and Statistic for Applied
Linguistics. London: New Bury House Production, Inc.
Hedge, T. (2003). Teaching & Learning in The Language Classroom. London:
Oxford. University Press.
Henning, G. (1987). A Guide to Language Testing. USA: New Bury House
Publishers.
Hughes, A. (1989). Testing for Language Teachers. Great Britain: Cambridge
University Press.
Kelly, R. (2004). Test Prep Guide. (http:/testprep.about.com/).
Klinger, J. K. and Vaughn, S. (1996). Accessed on 15 Augustus 2008
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_teaching)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Abstract ........................................................................................................
Admission .....................................................................................................
Curriculum Vitae ..........................................................................................
Dedication ....................................................................................................
Motto ............................................................................................................
Acknowledgement ........................................................................................
Table of Contents .........................................................................................
List of Tables ................................................................................................
List of Appendices .......................................................................................
I.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Problem ...........................................................
1.2 Research Problems .........................................................................
1.3 Objectives of the Research ............................................................
1.4 Uses of the Research .....................................................................
1.5 Scope of the Research ...................................................................
1.6 Definition of the Terms .................................................................
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ii
v
vi
vii
viii
x
xii
xiii
1
4
4
5
5
6
II. FRAME OF THEORIES
2.1 Concept of Reading ......................................................................
2.2 Concept of Reading Comprehension ...........................................
2.3 Concept of Teaching Reading ......................................................
2.4 The Nature of Recount Text ..........................................................
2.5 Concept of Reciprocal Teaching Technique .................................
2.6 Procedures of Teaching Reading Comprehension through Reciprocal
Teaching Technique .......................................................................
2.7 The Strengths and Weakness of Reciprocal Teaching Technique .
2.7.1 The Strengths of Reciprocal Teaching Technique ................
2.7.2 The Weakness of Reciprocal Teaching Technique ...............
2.8 Theoretical Assumption ................................................................
2.9 Hypothesis .....................................................................................
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III. RESEARCH METHODS
3.1 Research Design .............................................................................
3.2 Population and Sample...................................................................
3.3 Data Collecting Technique ............................................................
3.4 Research Procedures ......................................................................
3.5 Instrument ......................................................................................
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30
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9
14
16
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20
3.6 Scoring System ..............................................................................
3.7 Criteria of Good Test .....................................................................
3.7.1 Validity .................................................................................
3.7.2 Reliability .............................................................................
3.7.3 Level of Difficulty ................................................................
3.7.4 Discrimination Power ...........................................................
3.8 Data Analysis .................................................................................
3.9 Hypothesis Test ..............................................................................
IV. RESEARCH AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Result of the Research ....................................................................
4.1.1 Result of Try-out Test ...........................................................
4.1.1.1 Validity of the Test ...................................................
4.1.1.2 Reliability of the Test ...............................................
4.1.1.3 Level of Difficulty of the Test .................................
4.1.1.4 Discrimination Power of the Test ............................
4.1.2 Result of Pretest ...................................................................
4.1.3 Result of Posttest ..................................................................
4.1.4 The Improvement of Students’ Reading Comprehension .....
4.1.5 The Classroom Implementation in Teaching Learning Reading
through Reciprocal Teaching Technique ..............................
4.1.6 Hypothesis Testing ................................................................
4.2 Discussion and Finding ..................................................................
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V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusions ....................................................................................
5.2 Suggestions ...................................................................................
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REFERENCES ...........................................................................................
63
APPENDICES ............................................................................................
66
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