Risks Related to Our Fixed and Cellular Telecommunication Business

210 However, we believe that the cost for operators who have not upgraded their network infrastructure to open their networks to the three-digit access code to do so is significant. To date, other than for Balikpapan, neither of the OLOs have made a request to us to connect their networks to enable their DLD access codes to be accessible. As such, we believe that other than Balikpapan, none of the DLD access codes for any of the licensed operators are usable by customers of other operators. However, if they do so in the future, the implementation of any new DLD access codes can potentially increase competition by offering our subscribers more options for DLD services. In addition, the opening of new DLD access codes is expected to result in increased competition and less cooperation among industry incumbents, which may result in reduced margins and revenues, among other things, all of which may have a material adverse effect on us. Regulations for the configuration of BTS towers may delay the set up of new BTS towers or changes in the placement of existing towers, and may erode our leadership position by requiring us to share our towers with our competitors In 2008 and 2009, the Government issued regulations relating to the construction, utilization and sharing of BTS towers. Pursuant to the regulations, the construction of BTS towers requires permits from the local government. The local government has a right to determine the placement of the towers, the location in which the towers can be constructed, and also to determine a license fees to build tower infrastructure. These regulations also oblige us to allow other telecommunication operators to lease space and utilize our telecommunications towers without any discrimination. These regulations may adversely affect us in the allocation, development or expansion plan of our new BTS towers as setting up of our new towers will become more complicated. They may also adversely affect our existing BTS towers if local governments require any changes in the placement of the existing towers. The requirement that we share space on our telecommunications towers may also disadvantage us by requiring that we allow our competitors to expand quickly, particularly in urban areas where new space for additional towers may be difficult to obtain. Effective 2011, local Governments are permitted to assess fees of up to 2.0 of the tax assessed value of towers. Although only several local government and assessed such fees and have not been material, there can be no assurance that they will not be material in the future.

5. Risks Related to Our Fixed and Cellular Telecommunication Business

We may further lose wireline telephone subscribers and revenues derived from our wireline voice services may continue to decline, which may materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and prospects Revenues derived from our wireline voice services have declined during the past several years mainly due to the increasing popularity of mobile voice services and other alternative means of communication. Tariffs for mobile services have declined in recent years which has further accelerated substitution of mobile for wireline voice services. While the number of our fixed wireline subscribers increased by 3.7 in 2014 and 6.0 in 2015, revenues from our wireline voice services decreased by 2.2 in 2014 3.7 in 2015. The percentage of revenues derived from our wireline voice services out of our total revenues continued to decrease from 9.4 in 2014 to 7.6 in 2015. Since the beginning of 2015, we have taken various steps to stabilize our revenues from wireline voice services by seeking to migrate subscribers to IndiHome, which bundles consist of consisting primarily of broadband Internet, fixed wireless residential phone Home Phone, and interactive TV Cable UseeTV services. However, we cannot assure you that we will be successful in mitigating the adverse impact of the substitution of mobile voice services and other alternative means of communication for wireline voice services or in reducing the rate of decline in our revenues generated from wireline voice services. Migration from wireline voice services to mobile services and other alternative means of communication may further intensify in the future, which may affect the financial performance of our wireline voice services and thus materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and prospects as a whole. Our data and internet services are facing increasing competition, and we may experience declining margins andor market share from such services as such competition intensifies Our data and internet services are facing increase competition from other data and internet operators including as mobile operators. The number of mobile broadband subscribers have increased with the increasing popularity of smart phones in Indonesia, which adversely affects our market share and revenues from our fixed line data and internet services. 211 In addition, with the increasing popularity of smart phones in Indonesia, we expect that 4G long term evolution 212

C. Quantitative And Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk

We are exposed to market risks that arise from changes in foreign exchange rates and interest rates risk, each of which will have an impact on us. We do not generally hedge our long-term liabilities in foreign currencies but hedge our obligations for the current year. As of December 31, 2015. assets in foreign currencies reached 8.64 against our liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. Our exposure to interest rate risk is managed through a mix of fixed and variable rate liabilities and assets, including short-term fixed rate assets. Our exposure to such market risks fluctuated during 2013, 2014, and 2015 as the Indonesian economy was affected by changes in the US Dollar-Rupiah exchange rate and interest rates themselves. We are not able to predict whether such conditions will continue during 2016 or thereafter. Exchange Rate Information The following table shows the exchange rate of Indonesia Rupiah to US Dollar based the middle exchange rate which is calculated based on the Bank Indonesia buying and selling rates for the periodes indicated. Calender Year at Period End 1 Average 2 Low 2 High 2 Rp Per US1 2011 9,068 8,779 9,185 8,460 2012 9,670 9,380 9,707 8,892 2013 12,189 10,451 12,270 9,634 2014 12,440 11,878 12,900 11,271 2015 13,795 13,392 14,728 12,444 September 14,657 14,396 14,728 14,081 October 13,639 13,796 14,709 13,288 November 13,840 13,673 13,840 13,461 December 13,795 13,855 14,076 13,615 2016 through March 28 13,323 13,537 13,946 13,020 January 13,846 13,889 13,946 13,835 February 13,395 13,516 13,757 13,333 March through March 28 13,323 13,170 13,367 13,020 Source : Bank Indonesia 1 Determined based upon the middle exchange rate announced by Bank Indonesia applicable on the last day for the period. 2 Determined based upon the daily middle exchange rate announced by Bank Indonesia during the applicable period. Under the current exchange rate system, the exchange rate of the Indonesian rupiah is determined by the market, reflecting the interaction of supply and demand in the market However, Bank Indonesia may take measures to maintain a stable exchange rate. For the year 2015, the average rate of rupiah to the US Dollar was Rp13,392 with the lowest and highest rates being Rp14,728 dan Rp12,444. The exchange rates used for conversation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are the buy and sell rates published by Reuters in 2013, 2014 and 2015. The Reuters buy and sell rates, applied respectively to monetary assets and liabilities, were, Rp12,160 and Rp12,180 to US1.00 as of December 31, 2013 , Rp12,380 and Rp12.390 to US1.00 as of December 31, 2014 and Rp 13,780 and Rp 13,790 to US1.00 as of December 31, 2015 The Consolidated Financial Statements are stated in Rupiah. The convesion of Rupiah amounts into US Dollar are included solely for the convenience of readers and have been made using the average of the market buy and sell rates of Rp 13,785 to US1.00 published by Reuters on December 31, 2015. On March 28, 2015 the Reuters bid and ask rates were Rp13,365 and Rp13,370 to US1.00. Foreign Exchange Controls Indonesia operates a liberal foreign exchange system that permits the free flow of foreign exchange. Capital transactions, including remittances of capital, profits, dividends and interest, are free of exchange controls. A number of regulations, however, have an impact on the exchange system. For example, only banks are authorized to deal in foreign exchange and execute exchange transactions related to the import and export of goods. In addition, Indonesian banks including branches of foreign banks in Indonesia are required to report to Bank Indonesia any fund transfers exceeding US10,000. As a State-Owned Company, and based on the decree of the Head of PKLN, we are required to obtain an approval from PKLN prior to acquiring foreign commercial loans and must submit periodical reports to PKLN during the term of the loans. 213 Exchange Rate Risk We are exposed to foreign exchange risk on sales, purchases and borrowings that are denominated in foreign currencies, primarily in U.S. dollar and Japanese yen. Our exposures to other foreign exchange rates are not material. Increasing risk of foreign currency exchange rates on our obligations are expected to be offset by time deposits and receivables in foreign currencies that are equal to at least 25 of the outstanding current liabilities. The information presented in the following tables is based on assumptions of selling and buying rates in US Dollar as well as other currencies, which were quoted by Reuters on December 31, 2015 and applied respectively to monetary assets and liabilities. The buying and selling rates as of December 31, 2015 were Rp13,790 and Rp13,780 to US1, respectively. However, we believe these assumptions and the information described in the following table may be influenced by a number of factors, including a fluctuation andor depreciation of the Rupiah in the future. Exchange Rate Risk Outstanding Balance as of December 31, 2015 Expected Maturity Date Fair Value Foreign Currency million Rp Equivalent Rpbillion 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 There After Rp billion ASSETS Cash and Cash Equivalents US Dollar 495 6,813 6,813 - - - - - 6,813 Japanese Yen 11 1 1 - - - - - 1 Other 1 10 143 143 - - - - - 143 Other Current Financial Assets US Dollar 30 419 419 - - - - - 419 Other 1 14 14 - - - - - 14 Trade Receivables Related Parties US Dollar 2 23 23 - - - - - 23 Third Parties US Dollar 104 1,437 1,437 - - - - - 1,437 Other 1 1 16 16 - - - - - 16 Other Receivables US Dollar 6 6 - - - - - 6 Other 1 1 1 - - - - - 1 Advances and Other Non- current Assets US Dollar 4 54 54 - - - - - 54 LIABILITIES Trade Payables Related Parties US Dollar 6 6 - - - - - 6 Third Parties US Dollar 202 2,786 2,786 - - - - - 2,786 Japanese Yen 11 1 1 - - - - - 1 Other 1 2 32 32 - - - - - 32 Other Payables US Dollar 22 307 307 - - - - - 307 Other 1 2 23 23 - - - - - 23 Accrued Expenses US Dollar 34 475 475 - - - - - 475 Japanese Yen 25 3 3 - - - - - 3 Other 1 3 3 - - - - - 3 214 Exchange Rate Risk Outstanding Balance as of December 31, 2015 Expected Maturity Date Fair Value Foreign Currency million Rp Equivalent Rpbillion 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 There After Rp billion Advances from Customer and Suppliers US Dollar 7 7 - - - - - 7 Current Maturities of Long- Term Liabilities US Dollar 12 166 166 - - - - - 183 Japanese Yen 768 88 88 - - - - - 110 Promissory Notes US Dollar 2 28 27 1 - - - - 28 Long-term liabilities 2 US Dollar 187 2,586 - 151 2.212 104 61 58 2,587 Japanese Yen 6,143 704 - 88 88 88 88 352 717 Interest Rate Risk Our exposure to interest rate fluctuations results primarily from changes to the floating rate applied for long-term debt. This risk relates to loans under the Government on-lending program that has been used to finance our capital expenditures. Interest rate fluctuation is monitored to minimize any negative impact to financial position. Borrowings at variable interest rates expose our Company and our subsidiaries to interest rate risk. To measure market risk fluctuations in interest rates, our Company and our subsidiaries primarily use interest margin and maturity profile of the financial assets and liabilities based on changing schedule of the interest rate. The actual cash flows from our debt are denominated in Rupiah, US Dollar, and Japanese Yen, as appropriate and as indicated in the table. The information presented in the table has been determined based on the following assumptions: i fixed interest rates on Rupiah time deposits are based on average interest rates offered for three month placements in effect as of December 31, 2015 by the banks where such deposits were located; ii variable interest rates on Rupiah denominated long-term liabilities are calculated as of December 31, 2015 and are based on contractual terms setting interest rates based on average rates for the preceding six months on three month certificates issued by Bank of Indonesia or based on the average three month deposit rate offered by the lenders; iii fixed interest rates on US Dollar deposits are based on average interest rates offered for three month placements by the various lending institutions where such deposits are located as of December 31, 2015 and iv the value of marketable securities is based on the value of such securities on December 31, 2015. However, these assumptions may change in the future. These assumptions are different from the rates used in our Consolidated Financial Statements; accordingly, amounts shown in the table may differ from the amounts shown in our Consolidated Financial Statements. 215 Interest Rate Risk Outstanding Balance as of December

31, 2015 Expected Maturity Date