13
2. Data Analysis
In this thesis, the writer uses content analysis to analyze the data, because literary works that the writer analyzes is a novel that describes about character’s
characteristics of someone who commits the murder because he needs to get satisfaction himself. In this circumstance the writer analyses the character in
Patricia Highsmith’s Strangers on a Train.
3. Instrument of Research
The research instrument is the writer himself by examining the texts of novel, giving checklist, and tabulation by quoting the evidence from the novel.
The evidence here would be presented by some expressions. Scene, and act from the character that character analysis in discovering the deepest Bruno’s
Characteristics.
4. Unit of Analysis
The unit that is analyzed in this research is Strangers on a Train novel written by Patricia Highsmith. The novel is published by Norton paperback 2001,
by Amanda Morison, New York, and Manufacturing by The Courier Companies, Inc.
5. Place and Time
The writer began this research in last semester of academic years 2009, at English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, Syarif Hidayatullah
State Islamic University Jakarta.
14
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Character and Characterization
Brook and Warren view character as complexity of potentialities action.
4
The characters can be human or non-human creatures that live in the fictional story. They present the actions that build the story. The presentation of the
characters can be as flat or round character static or dynamic character. These types depend on the role of the characters in the story.
Whereas round characters tend to be dynamic, flat characters tend to be statistic. But even a very complex, well developed major character’s inability to
change. A story’s minor characters are often static; their growth is not usually relevant to be story’s development.
5
The character refers to the person or player of the story. Character and characterization refers to the player’s characterization and
attitude, more refers to the personal quality of the character. Character is presumably an imaged person who inhabits a story although that simple definition
may admit to a few exceptions. Characterization means how the writer tells reader about the physical and non-physical characteristic of the person told in the story.
6
Based on its characters, a flat character is a figure having certain quality of personality only. Meanwhile of a rounded character is an actor who has and tells
her various aspects the onside of her life, identity, and personality. Commonly a
4
Henri Guntur Tarigan, Dasar-dasar Sastra, Bandung: Angkasa, 1993, p. 148.
5
Laurece Perren, Literature, Structure, Sound and Sense, London: Harcourt Brace Javanovich, 1984 5
th
Edition, p.90.
6
Martin Stephen, An Introductory Guide to English Literature, Essex: Longman Group Ltd, p.12.
15 term of figure indicates to an actor in story and featuring indicates to an attitude of
actors interpreted by readers that it shows to quality of an actor personality. Looking to aspect of the part of an actor and the importance of an actor in a story,
there is an actor indeed very important and he often acts continuously so that the character dominates in story.
Based on the condition and developing, the character can be divided on a static character and a developing character. A static character is a character not
meeting a change on characterizing in an accidents going on. But a developing character is a character that experiences a changing and developing character as
such as with change a certain happening’s.
7
Character is complex of potentialities of action.
8
The characters are the people in the story. They do some action according to their part and role in the
story or we also can say that character person presented in dramatic or narrative work. According to the book Introduction to literature written by Larry M.
Sutton, character can be divided into four types, they are: flat character, round character, static character and dynamic character.
9
A flat character embodies one or two qualities, ideas or traits that can be readily describes in a brief summery. They are not psychological complex
characters and therefore are readily accessible to readers. Some flat characters are recognized as stock characters. Round characters are more complex than flat or
stock character, and often display the inconsistencies and internal conflict found
7
Makalah proposal skripsi, A Character Analysis of David Lurie and Lucy in “Disgrace” Novel using Sociology Approach.
8
Henry Guntur Tarigan, Dasar-dasar Sastra, Bandung: Angkasa, 1993, p. 148.
9
Larry M. Sutton, et al. Journey: An Introduction to Literature, Boston: Brook Press, 1971, p. 16.
16 in most real people. They are more fully developed and therefore are harder to
summarize. Static character does not change throughout the work and the reader’s knowledge of that character does not grow. Dynamic character undergoes some
kind of change because of the action in a plot. A character may be drawn with a few method personality traits or with
complex collection of them. Sometimes character may be presented by narrator or by author itself through his explanation in the story. Indirectly; readers must learn
about characters from the character’s own words, action or comments by other around them.
10
If a character changes or grows during the course of the play, he or she is dynamic. Meanwhile, if a character that does not change in any significant
way during the course of the work is static. Character may also be classified as either dynamic or statistic. Dynamic
characters grow and change in the course of a story, developing as they react to events and to other characters. A static character may face the same challenges a
dynamic character might encounter; yet the statistic character will remain essentially unchanged.
Character has a different meaning with characterization. Character is the person which is presented in works of narrative or drama who convey their
personal qualities through dialogue and action by which the reader or audience understands their thoughts, feeling, intentions and motives.
11
Character is
10
Encyclopedia American: Volume 6, 1985, p. 366.
11
The Department of English, University of Victoria, Character and Characterization, from http:web.uvic.cawguidePagesLTCharacter html, retrieved 8
th
2009.
17 presumably an imagined person who inhabits a story.
12
Characters are divided into two types; there are mainmajor character and minor character. The major
character is a character that always appears and dominates in every part of story. It is a character that is often told in the story.
13
Minor Character is character that only appears in one event. Appearance of minor character in the entire story is
less, not significant and it appears only when there is connection with major character, either directly or indirectly.
14
Round character according to Perrine is complex and many sides; they might require an easy for full analysis. It undergoes a permanent change in some
aspect of character, personality or outlook.
15
Major characters are likely to be round, while minor characters to be flat. Flat character is one embodying a single
idea or quality. The flat character something called a type or caricature. For it can be summed up in sentence. Flat characters usually have small part in the story.
Characters are divided into two kinds: they are round character and flat character. Flat character is character which is only having one quality of certain
person, or one specific character. The character and behavior of flat character are straight, monotone, and its only figure of one specific character. Round character
is character that had and exposed his life side possibilities, his personality side and spirit.
16
Round character more looking like real human’s life, beside of having
12
X. J. Kennedy, Literature “An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry and Drama”, New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1991, p.47.
13
Adib Sofia Sugiastuti, Feminisme dan Sastra “Menguak Citra Perempuan dalam Layar Terkembang” Bandung: Penerbit Katarsis, 2003, p. 69
14
Ibid. p.16.
15
Encyclopedia Americana 1985, op.cit.367.
16
Burhan Nurgiantoro, Teori Pengkajian Fiksi, Jogjakarta: Gajah Mada University Press, 1988, p. 164-165.
18 many kinds of behaviors and action possibilities, he also often give a surprise.
Beside that Burhan Nurgiantoro also explains that the characters are divided into two the typical such as main character and peripheral character. Main characters
are characters that have a big part in the story. Whereas peripheral characters are not developed nearly as fully as the central characters do not demand our
sympathy. Peripheral characters only have small pans in the story.
17
Major character or central character is a character that holds on an important role. This character is very dominant and always appears in each
conflict. On the other hand, there is another character appears only few times or shehe might be in a short portion, and this character is known as minor
character.
18
Another common term in Drama is protagonist. Protagonist character deals with truth and conflicts with other characters. While antagonist character
forces and often gives any trouble or conflict to the protagonist one. Character is showing at perpetrator of presented story or the player of the
story, whereas characterization is portraying of clear picture about someone who present in a story.
19
So it can be said that, character as one person who play a part of figure and characterization is the way of narrator to submit an attitude, interest,
desire, emotion, and moral principle that had by the figure in his story. In defining or depicting all of character figure in the story recognized in the story recognized
by three kinds of way , such as, analytically, where the author explains in detail his figures character, fictionally the author does not explain directly but he use the
other way by defining place, setting of the figure, or by presenting the dialog
17
Ibid. p.167
18
Encyclopedia Americana 1985, op.cit.368.
19
Ibid. p. 154.
19 among one figure to another’s, by narrating deed, behavior, or figure reaction to
an event, and alliance between analytic and dramatic in this case between analytic and dramatic have to complete each other.
20
Characterization is the process of creating character in fiction. The manners of describing can be done through the events, author direct statement,
character direct statement, conversation, and though statement from others characters.
21
Characterization can involve developing a variety of aspect of a character, such as appearance, age, gender, educational level, occupation or vocation,
financial status, marital status, hobbies, religious belief, ambition, motivation, characterization is an element of the discourse.
22
Characterization is the process of conveying information about characters in fiction. Characters are usually presented through their actions, dialect, and
thoughts, as well as by description. Characterization can be regarded a variety of aspects of a character, such as appearance, age, gender, educational level,
vocation or occupation, financial status, marital status, cultural background, hobbies, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, ambitions, motivations, personality,
etc. According Shreklisch Onion Layer Model, the psychological makeup of a fully developed story book character involves fears, emotions, back story, issues,
20
Ibid. p. 165.
21
Burhan Nurgiantoro, Teori Pengkajian Fiksi, Jogjakarta: Gajah Mada University Press, 1988, p. 164.
22
Characterization, from http;en.wikipedia.orgwikiCharacterization, retrieved May 20, 2008.
20 beliefs, practices, desires, and intentions. Obviously, a character may differ from
the author in any or all these areas.
23
Meanwhile, characterization is portraying of clear picture about someone, which presents in a story. Characterization means how the writer tells the reader
about physical and non-physical characteristic of the person told in the story. Characterization or personality, is defined, as in fiction, by what the characters do,
by what they say, by what others say about them, and setting in which they move. The characters are also defined in part by other characters as whom they in some
degree resemble or from whom they in some degree differ.
B. The understanding of Novel
Literary work is an application of feeling and language toward real life. One of literary work form is a novel. The Novel is an exploration or chronic of
living, dreaming and illustration in standard work, influence, connection, result, destroy, or human behavior.
In literary books, novel is a story long enough to fill a complete book, in which characters and events are usually in prose about imaginary people long
enough to cover a book. “The definition of novel is a fictitious prose narrative of considerable length, in which characters and actions representative of real life are
portrayed in a plot of mere or less complexity”.
24
There are two important aspects to understand a novel. They are the intrinsic and extrinsic elements. The intrinsic elements are the analysis of the
23
Characterization, fromhttp:en.wikipedia.pedia.orgCharacterization, retrieved May 8
th
2009.
24
Oxford advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, University Press, 2005, 7
th
Edition, p. 1039.
21 literature itself without looking to the relation with the extern aspects. They are
theme, plot, character, setting, and point of view. Whereas the intrinsic element is the analysis of the literature work it by looking to the relation with the extern
aspects such as sociology, psychology, religious, and philosophy.
C. The Elements of Novel 1. Theme
Theme is not summary of the story. The theme of a piece fiction is its controlling ideas or its central insight. It is the unifying generalization about life
stated or implied by the story.
25
The gist of one’s thoughts or root of the matter, which will be submitted by the narrator to reader with the context of whole
story.
26
Theme in literature is important subject and experiences of our public and private lives such as love, marriage, hope and so on. The common experiences in
life can become a theme in literatures.
27
2. Plot
Plot is the way in which a story’s events are arranged, and following what ever progression of time, place, and action the author has adopted, and it is shaped
by causal connections, by the interaction between characters, and by the
25
Emil and Sandra Roy, Literary Spectrum, Boston: Purdue University, 1974, p. 284.
26
Suroto, Theory dan Bimbingan Apresiasi Sastra Indonesia, Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga, 1989, p.88.
27
Nicolas Mars. An Introduction to literary Studies, London: Routledge, 1999, p.2
22 juxtaposition of events.
28
Reader interest and involvement in a story are heightened by its conflict, the struggle between opposing forces that emerges as
the story’s action develops. A work’s plot explores one or more conflicts, moving from exposition, rising action, conflict, climax, anticlimax, and finally to a
resolution. A writer may present a story’s events in strict chronological order with the
event that actually occurred first presented in the sequence in which it took place. Many sequences are possible as the writer manipulates events to create interest,
suspense, confusion, wonder, or other effects. Writers commonly use established techniques like flashbacks and
foreshadowing to vary chronological order. A flashback is moves out of sequence to examine an event or situation that occurred before the time in which the story’s
action takes place. And foreshadowing is the presentation early in a story of situations, character or objects that seem to have no special importance, but that in
fact are later revealed to have great significance.
29
3. Setting
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