Character and Characterization THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Character and Characterization

Brook and Warren view character as complexity of potentialities action. 4 The characters can be human or non-human creatures that live in the fictional story. They present the actions that build the story. The presentation of the characters can be as flat or round character static or dynamic character. These types depend on the role of the characters in the story. Whereas round characters tend to be dynamic, flat characters tend to be statistic. But even a very complex, well developed major character’s inability to change. A story’s minor characters are often static; their growth is not usually relevant to be story’s development. 5 The character refers to the person or player of the story. Character and characterization refers to the player’s characterization and attitude, more refers to the personal quality of the character. Character is presumably an imaged person who inhabits a story although that simple definition may admit to a few exceptions. Characterization means how the writer tells reader about the physical and non-physical characteristic of the person told in the story. 6 Based on its characters, a flat character is a figure having certain quality of personality only. Meanwhile of a rounded character is an actor who has and tells her various aspects the onside of her life, identity, and personality. Commonly a 4 Henri Guntur Tarigan, Dasar-dasar Sastra, Bandung: Angkasa, 1993, p. 148. 5 Laurece Perren, Literature, Structure, Sound and Sense, London: Harcourt Brace Javanovich, 1984 5 th Edition, p.90. 6 Martin Stephen, An Introductory Guide to English Literature, Essex: Longman Group Ltd, p.12. 15 term of figure indicates to an actor in story and featuring indicates to an attitude of actors interpreted by readers that it shows to quality of an actor personality. Looking to aspect of the part of an actor and the importance of an actor in a story, there is an actor indeed very important and he often acts continuously so that the character dominates in story. Based on the condition and developing, the character can be divided on a static character and a developing character. A static character is a character not meeting a change on characterizing in an accidents going on. But a developing character is a character that experiences a changing and developing character as such as with change a certain happening’s. 7 Character is complex of potentialities of action. 8 The characters are the people in the story. They do some action according to their part and role in the story or we also can say that character person presented in dramatic or narrative work. According to the book Introduction to literature written by Larry M. Sutton, character can be divided into four types, they are: flat character, round character, static character and dynamic character. 9 A flat character embodies one or two qualities, ideas or traits that can be readily describes in a brief summery. They are not psychological complex characters and therefore are readily accessible to readers. Some flat characters are recognized as stock characters. Round characters are more complex than flat or stock character, and often display the inconsistencies and internal conflict found 7 Makalah proposal skripsi, A Character Analysis of David Lurie and Lucy in “Disgrace” Novel using Sociology Approach. 8 Henry Guntur Tarigan, Dasar-dasar Sastra, Bandung: Angkasa, 1993, p. 148. 9 Larry M. Sutton, et al. Journey: An Introduction to Literature, Boston: Brook Press, 1971, p. 16. 16 in most real people. They are more fully developed and therefore are harder to summarize. Static character does not change throughout the work and the reader’s knowledge of that character does not grow. Dynamic character undergoes some kind of change because of the action in a plot. A character may be drawn with a few method personality traits or with complex collection of them. Sometimes character may be presented by narrator or by author itself through his explanation in the story. Indirectly; readers must learn about characters from the character’s own words, action or comments by other around them. 10 If a character changes or grows during the course of the play, he or she is dynamic. Meanwhile, if a character that does not change in any significant way during the course of the work is static. Character may also be classified as either dynamic or statistic. Dynamic characters grow and change in the course of a story, developing as they react to events and to other characters. A static character may face the same challenges a dynamic character might encounter; yet the statistic character will remain essentially unchanged. Character has a different meaning with characterization. Character is the person which is presented in works of narrative or drama who convey their personal qualities through dialogue and action by which the reader or audience understands their thoughts, feeling, intentions and motives. 11 Character is 10 Encyclopedia American: Volume 6, 1985, p. 366. 11 The Department of English, University of Victoria, Character and Characterization, from http:web.uvic.cawguidePagesLTCharacter html, retrieved 8 th 2009. 17 presumably an imagined person who inhabits a story. 12 Characters are divided into two types; there are mainmajor character and minor character. The major character is a character that always appears and dominates in every part of story. It is a character that is often told in the story. 13 Minor Character is character that only appears in one event. Appearance of minor character in the entire story is less, not significant and it appears only when there is connection with major character, either directly or indirectly. 14 Round character according to Perrine is complex and many sides; they might require an easy for full analysis. It undergoes a permanent change in some aspect of character, personality or outlook. 15 Major characters are likely to be round, while minor characters to be flat. Flat character is one embodying a single idea or quality. The flat character something called a type or caricature. For it can be summed up in sentence. Flat characters usually have small part in the story. Characters are divided into two kinds: they are round character and flat character. Flat character is character which is only having one quality of certain person, or one specific character. The character and behavior of flat character are straight, monotone, and its only figure of one specific character. Round character is character that had and exposed his life side possibilities, his personality side and spirit. 16 Round character more looking like real human’s life, beside of having 12 X. J. Kennedy, Literature “An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry and Drama”, New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1991, p.47. 13 Adib Sofia Sugiastuti, Feminisme dan Sastra “Menguak Citra Perempuan dalam Layar Terkembang” Bandung: Penerbit Katarsis, 2003, p. 69 14 Ibid. p.16. 15 Encyclopedia Americana 1985, op.cit.367. 16 Burhan Nurgiantoro, Teori Pengkajian Fiksi, Jogjakarta: Gajah Mada University Press, 1988, p. 164-165. 18 many kinds of behaviors and action possibilities, he also often give a surprise. Beside that Burhan Nurgiantoro also explains that the characters are divided into two the typical such as main character and peripheral character. Main characters are characters that have a big part in the story. Whereas peripheral characters are not developed nearly as fully as the central characters do not demand our sympathy. Peripheral characters only have small pans in the story. 17 Major character or central character is a character that holds on an important role. This character is very dominant and always appears in each conflict. On the other hand, there is another character appears only few times or shehe might be in a short portion, and this character is known as minor character. 18 Another common term in Drama is protagonist. Protagonist character deals with truth and conflicts with other characters. While antagonist character forces and often gives any trouble or conflict to the protagonist one. Character is showing at perpetrator of presented story or the player of the story, whereas characterization is portraying of clear picture about someone who present in a story. 19 So it can be said that, character as one person who play a part of figure and characterization is the way of narrator to submit an attitude, interest, desire, emotion, and moral principle that had by the figure in his story. In defining or depicting all of character figure in the story recognized in the story recognized by three kinds of way , such as, analytically, where the author explains in detail his figures character, fictionally the author does not explain directly but he use the other way by defining place, setting of the figure, or by presenting the dialog 17 Ibid. p.167 18 Encyclopedia Americana 1985, op.cit.368. 19 Ibid. p. 154. 19 among one figure to another’s, by narrating deed, behavior, or figure reaction to an event, and alliance between analytic and dramatic in this case between analytic and dramatic have to complete each other. 20 Characterization is the process of creating character in fiction. The manners of describing can be done through the events, author direct statement, character direct statement, conversation, and though statement from others characters. 21 Characterization can involve developing a variety of aspect of a character, such as appearance, age, gender, educational level, occupation or vocation, financial status, marital status, hobbies, religious belief, ambition, motivation, characterization is an element of the discourse. 22 Characterization is the process of conveying information about characters in fiction. Characters are usually presented through their actions, dialect, and thoughts, as well as by description. Characterization can be regarded a variety of aspects of a character, such as appearance, age, gender, educational level, vocation or occupation, financial status, marital status, cultural background, hobbies, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, ambitions, motivations, personality, etc. According Shreklisch Onion Layer Model, the psychological makeup of a fully developed story book character involves fears, emotions, back story, issues, 20 Ibid. p. 165. 21 Burhan Nurgiantoro, Teori Pengkajian Fiksi, Jogjakarta: Gajah Mada University Press, 1988, p. 164. 22 Characterization, from http;en.wikipedia.orgwikiCharacterization, retrieved May 20, 2008. 20 beliefs, practices, desires, and intentions. Obviously, a character may differ from the author in any or all these areas. 23 Meanwhile, characterization is portraying of clear picture about someone, which presents in a story. Characterization means how the writer tells the reader about physical and non-physical characteristic of the person told in the story. Characterization or personality, is defined, as in fiction, by what the characters do, by what they say, by what others say about them, and setting in which they move. The characters are also defined in part by other characters as whom they in some degree resemble or from whom they in some degree differ.

B. The understanding of Novel