technique given in the two classes. The grammar-translation method is often used in regular class and the direct method is usually used in RSBI class.
2.2.3.1 The Grammar-Translation Method
The grammar translation method is a foreign language teaching method derived from the classical sometimes called traditional method of teaching Greek and Latin
Chastain, 1988:32. The method requires students to translate whole texts word for word and memorize numerous grammatical rules and exceptions as well as enormous
vocabulary lists. The goal of this method is to be able to read and translate literary masterpieces and classics.
Chastain divided the main principles of the Grammar Translation Method into three parts:
a. Translation interprets the words and phrases of the foreign languages in the best
possible manner. b.
The phraseology and the idiom of the target language can best be assimilated in the process of interpretation.
c. The structures of the foreign languages are best learned when compared and
contrast with those of mother tongue.
In this method, while teaching the text book the teacher translates every word and phrase from English into the learners mother tongue. Further, students are
required to translate sentences from their mother tongue into English. These exercises in translation are based on various items covering the grammar of the target language.
The method emphasizes the study of grammar through deduction that is through the study of the rules of grammar. A contrastive study of the target language with the
mother tongue gives an insight into the structure not only of the foreign language but also of the mother tongue.
2.2.3.2 The Direct Method
The direct method of teaching foreign languages, sometimes called the natural method, refrains from using the learners native language and uses only the target
language. It was established in Germany and France around 1900. The direct method has one very basic rule: No translation is allowed Larsen, 2000:23.
Principles features of the direct method are: a.
Classroom instructions are conducted exclusively in the target language. b.
Only everyday vocabulary and sentences are taught during the initial phase; grammar, reading and writing are introduced in intermediate phase.
c. Oral communication skills are built up in a carefully graded progression
organized around question-and-answer exchanges between teachers and students in small, intensive classes.
d. Grammar is taught inductively.
e. New teaching points are introduced orally.
f. Concrete vocabulary is taught through demonstration, objects, and pictures;
abstract vocabulary is taught by association of ideas. g.
Both speech and listening comprehensions are taught. h.
Correct pronunciation and grammar are emphasized. i.
Student should be speaking at least 80 of the time during the lesson. j.
Students are taught from inception to ask questions as well as answer them.
2.2.4 The Characteristics of Junior High School Students
