engagement is being the focus of teaching learning process. All students in a group must have equal rights to speak their feelings and ideas. These principles
only can be implemented by using the cooperative learning structures that will be discussed in the next sub-chapter.
2.2.5 Cooperative Learning in Language Learning
Yan Zhang 2010 states
tell to whole class about the result of their discussion. This type of cooperative learning strategy is useful for giving every student equal right so that the students
do not feel superior or inferior in the class. The use of cooperative learning in language teaching has some advantages
if we compare it with traditional language teaching, the following table displays
the differences: Table 2.1 Differences between Traditional and Cooperative Learning
Traditional language teaching Cooperative language
learning Independence
None or negative Positive
Learner roles Passive
receiver and
performer Active
participator, autonomous learners
Teacher roles The center of the classroom,
Controller of teaching pace and
direction, judge
of students
Student expectations
Take a
major part
in evaluating own progress and
the quality of own efforts toward learning. Be a winner
or loser. All members in some way
contribute to
success of
group. The one who makes progress is the winner.
Teacher-student relationship
Superior-inferior or equal Cooperating and equal
Taken From: Yan Zhang, 2010.
2.2.6 Cooperative Learning Instructional StrategiesStructures for Teaching Speaking
There are some instructional strategiesstructures for teaching speaking of cooperative learning. Some of them are:
a Numbered Heads together
Students are divided into some groups. One group consists of 4 students. After they sit in their group, teacher gives name
c Round Robin
Students are divided into some groups. Teacher gives a topic, for example
2 David and Roger Johnson University of Minnesota,
Their emphasis is on the use of learning together approach which usually used in problem solving.
3 Spencer Kagan,
His theory of cooperative learning called
works. Student works by himself and he does not allowed to cheat other students
Here is the scheme of One Stay Two Stray strategy:
v
Figure 2.1 Scheme of OSTS strategy
2.4 General Concepts of Action Research
