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2.2.2 David 2000 Critical Thinking Model
David 2000, p. 27 defined that critical thinking involves the dynamic reorganization of knowledge in meaningful and usable ways. It involves three
general skills: evaluating, analyzing, and connecting.
2.2.2.1 Evaluating
Evaluating involves making judgments about something by measuring it against a standard. Evaluating is not expressing a personal attitude or feeling. It
involves recognizing and using criteria in different instances. Recognizing criteria is important when the criteria are unstated; otherwise, the learner is required to
use a publicly available set of standard. It is also important for the students to be able to determine which criteria are appropriate. According to David 2000,
evaluating information involves skills such as: 1.
Assessing information for its reliability and usefulness, and discriminating between relevant and irrelevant information.
2. Determining criteria for judging the merits of ideas or products by
identifying relevant criteria and determining how and when they will be applied.
3. Prioritizing a set of options according to their relevance or importance.
4. Recognizing fallacies and errors in reasoning, such as vagueness, non
sequiturs, and untruths. 5.
Verifying arguments and hypothesis through reality testing.
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2.2.2.2 Analyzing
David 2010 defines that analyzing involves separating whole entity into its meaningful parts and understanding and interrelationship among those parts.
Manipulating partswhole relationship helps the learners understanding the underlying organization of ideas. Analyzing knowledge domains involve skills
such as: 1.
Recognizing patterns of organization. 2.
Classifying objects into categories based on common attributes. 3.
Identifying assumption, stated or unstated, including suppositions and beliefs, which underlie positions.
4. Identifying the main or central ideas in text, data, or creations, and
differentiating core ideas from supporting information. 5.
Finding sequences or consecutive order in sequentially organized information.
2.2.2.2 Connecting
According to David 2010, connecting involves determining or imposing
relationship between the wholes that are being analyzed. Connecting compares and contrasts things or ides, looks for cause-and-effect relationships, and links the
elements. Connecting builds on analyzing because it often compares wholes based on the parts that were analyzed. It involves skills such as:
1. Comparing and contrasting similarities and differences between objects
or events.
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Logical thinking, required to analyze or develop an argument, conclusion, or inference or provide support for assertions.
3. Inferring deductively from generalizations or principles to instances.
4. Inferring a theory or principle inductively from data.
5. Identifying causal relationship between events or objects and predicting
possible effect.
2.2.3 Richard 1992 Critical Thinking Model
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