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e. Do not do the FTA or Saying Nothing
A speaker may decide or choose not to say anything at all. However, it does not mean that the speaker does not do anything at all; he or she can do non-verbal action.
F. Kinesics
According to Chaika, kinesics is the study of body motion it is an important task for human to understand the meaning of certain body movement as body movement
is bridge to comprehend what a person actually says 1994: 123. Furthermore, Givens states that “When we speak or listen, our attention is focused on words rather than
body language. But our judgment includes both. An audience is simultaneously processing both verbal and nonverbal cues. Body movements are not usually positive
or negative in and of themselves; rather, the situation and the message will determine the appraisal.” 2000: 4 in http:en.wikipedia.orgNon-verbal_communication.htm.
The basic repertoires of kinesics are body language, smiling, gestures, proxemics, and eye contact. They are important for regulating interactions and for showing interest,
politeness, submission, approval or disapproval. Each social group may have different rules in make use of those repertoires as kinesics carry particular meanings and many
interpretations. Some kinesics repertoires are as follows Chaika, 1994: 123-141:
1. Body language
xlviii It is difficult to talk without using body motion and facial expression. Human
expressive movements are linked to emotional experience. Eyebrow lifting, for example, may have different emotional meanings to particular cultures. It may mean
yes, indicate recognition, or express flirting. It may also means that the look disapproves of a particular behavior. Facial expressions are associated with emotions
whether someone is happy, sad, disgusted, surprised or fearful.
2. Smiles
There are many kinds of smiles in which affected by purposes, situation, and cultural background. There are friendly smiles, sly smiles, skeptical smiles, derisive,
threatening, sick smiles, and grins. Alexander and Babad states that smiling is clearly inborn, but how much smiling someone does, and the intensity with which it is done
seems to be cultural. For instance, some culture demand a wide, teeth showing smile of greeting while others greet people with close-mouthed or narrowing open-lipped
smile.
3. Gestures
Gestures in some cultures are the same as other cultures. For example, the nodding of the head means yes in almost every culture and the shaking of the head
means no. Almost Americans raise their eyebrows along with nodding their head to say yes and contracting their eyebrows along with shaking their head to say no. Gestures
are probably the significant body movements which influence the determination of the influential aspect in the performance of compliment and compliment response.
4. Proxemics
xlix Proxemics is the study of human kind perception and use of space. In a
conversation, people have to know the correct patterns for their society by learning how near or far to stand from those with whom they are talking to. Each culture may
have different perception of normal distance between speakers. Furthermore, the amount of space between speakers also shows dominance.
5. Eye contact
An interaction, usually begins when eye contact is made. Eye contact varies in frequency and length as it influenced by culture. There are gaze, stare, looking away,
etc. Within cultures there are differences in eye contact between sexes, different age group and different status. Frequently, in an interaction, the subordinate person looks
at the superior more than the superior looks at the subordinate. Just as listeners look more at speakers than speakers look at listeners.
6. Touching
The degree of touching during normal social interaction varies between cultures. Handshaking and clapping, for example, indicate strong bonding and solidarity. In
particular situations, touching between adults can indicate sexuality. Eye contact frequently interacts with touch. Both give strong messages about intimacy, solidarity,
and power. Therefore, it is clear that even the simplest of conversation requires a good
deal of learned behavior. The style used must be appropriate for the occasion. In order to have successful interaction, people need to consider to the organization of their
body motion, facial expression, gestures, proxemics, touching, and eye contacts.
l
G. Discourse Act
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