Cytotaxonomy Pteris ensiformis Burm.f.
CYTOTAXONOMY PTERIS ENSIFORMIS BURM.f.
MUHAMMAD EFENDI
THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2014
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH ORIGINALITY AND
INFORMATION SOURCE
This is to verify that my thesis entitled: Cytotaxonomy Pteris ensiformis
Burm.f. is true represent result of my research and have never been publicized. All
information and data used have been expressed clearly and can be checked its
truth. I devolved copyright of my thesis to Bogor Agricultural University.
Bogor, January 2014
Muhammad Efendi
RINGKASAN
MUHAMMAD EFENDI. Sitotaksonomi Pteris ensiformis Burm.f. Dibimbing
oleh TATIK CHIKMAWATI dan DEDY DARNAEDI.
Penelitian tentang sitotaksonomi Pteris ensiformis Burm.f. dari berbagai
daerah di Indonesia telah dilakukan. Variasi infraspesifik pada P. ensiformis dan
hubungan intraspesies dari P. ensiformis dapat digunakan untuk memperjelas
batasan infraspesies dari P. ensiformis itu sendiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
mengkaji variasi morfologi, sitologi dan tipe reproduksi pada P. ensiformis dan
mengkaji hubungan antara tipe reproduksi, tingkatan ploidi dengan variasi
morfologi pada P. ensiformis.
Penelitian ini dilakukan sejak September 2012 sampai Juni 2013.
Pengamatan morfologi dilakukan pada 75 individu yang telah dikoleksi dari
Gorontalo, Lombok dan berbagai tempat di Jawa dan ditambah dengan spesimen
dari Herbarium Bogoriense (BO). Pengataman sitologi dilakukan dengan cara
memeriksa kromosom somatik pada ujung akar dengan menggunakan metode
squash. Analisis tipe reproduksi dilakukan dengan cara menghitung jumlah spora
pada setiap sporangium.
Sebuah rekaman data sitologi terbaru pada P. ensiformis var. victoriae telah
ditemukan dari Indonesia yaitu 2n=58 dengan tipe diploid seksual dari Gorontalo,
Sulawesi dan 2n=87 dengan tipe triploid dari Pulau Lombok dan Bogor Jawa
Barat. Sitotipe diploid var. victoriae memiliki habitus yang lebih kecil dibanding
dengan sitotipe triploid var. victoriae. Sitotipe tetraploid seksual (2n=116) var.
ensiformis yang telah dikoleksi dari berbagai tempat di Jawa menambah data sitoreproduksi dari var. ensiformis di Indonesia. Berdasarkan data morfologi, P.
ensiformis secara konsisten dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam dua kelompok yaitu P.
ensiformis var. ensiformis dan P. ensiformis var. victoriae. Ke depannya,
penelitian untuk memperjelas hubungan antara varietas dalam P. ensiformis
sangat direkomendasikan.
Kata kunci: jumlah kromosom, Pteris ensiformis Burm.f., sitotipe,.
SUMMARY
MUHAMMAD EFENDI. Cytotaxonomy Pteris ensiformis
Supervised by TATIK CHIKMAWATI and DEDY DARNAEDI.
Burm.f.
The cytotaxonomy of Pteris ensiformis Burm.f. from several places in
Indonesia have been studied. The information about infraspesific variation of P.
ensiformis and the relationships within P. ensiformis can be used to clarify the
intraspecies delimitation of P. ensiformis. The objectives of this study were to
examine morphological, cytological and mode reproduction of P. ensiformis and
to clarified the correlation between mode of reproduction, ploidy level and
morphological variation in P. ensiformis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to
examined the intraspesific variation of P. ensiformis in Indonesia.
This study was conducted from September 2012 to June 2013. The
morphological character was examined from 60 collections of living plants
originated from Gorontalo, Lombok and various places in Java, added the
specimen from Herbarium Bogoriense (BO). Cytological observations were
conducted by observing somatic chromosome of root tips using squash methods.
Modes of reproduction were determined by counting the number of spores of each
sporangium.
New cytological record of P. ensiformis var. victoriae have been found from
Indonesia i.e 2n=58 (diploid sexual) from Gorontalo, Celebes and 2n=87 (triploid)
from Lombok Island and Bogor West Java. The diploid sexual of var. victoriae
has smaller in habitus than that of the triploid races. Cytotype tetraploid sexual
(2n=116) of var. ensiformis, collected from various places in Java is an important
information of cyto-reproduction data of var. ensiformis in Indonesia. Based on
morphological data, P. ensiformis consistenly can be classified into two varieties
namely P. ensiformis var. ensiformis and P. ensiformis var. victoriae. However,
futher study to clarify their relationship among varieties is strongly recommended.
.
Keywords: chromosome numbers, cytotypes, Pteris ensiformis Burm.f.
Copy right© 2014, Bogor Agricultural University
All right reversed by Law
It is prohibited to cites all parts of this thesis without referring to and mention the
source
a. Citation only permitted for the sake of education, research, sciencific
writing, critical writing or reviewing scientific problems.
b. Citation does not inflict the name and honor of Bogor Agricultural
University
It is prohibited to republish and reproduce all parts of this thesis without
copyright permission from Bogor Agricultural University
CYTOTAXONOMY PTERIS ENSIFORMIS BURM.f.
MUHAMMAD EFENDI
Thesis
Submitted as partial fulfillment requirement for The Master
Degree in Plant Taxonomy
THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2014
External examiner : Prof. Dr. Alex Hartana, M.Sc
Tittle
: Cytotaxonomy Pteris ensiformis Burm.f.
Names
: Muhammad Efendi
Reg. Number : G353110261
Approved by,
Supervisor committee
Dr. Ir. Tatik Chikmawati, M.Si
(Chairman)
Prof. Dr. Dedy Darnaedi, M.Sc
(Member)
Head of Plant Biology
Graduate Program
Dean of Graduate School
Dr. Ir. Miftahudin, M.Si
Dr. Ir. Dahrul Syah, MSc.Agr
Date of examination : 18th December 2013
Date of graduation:
PREFACE
A study of cytoreproduction in fern species with the title “Cytotaxonomy
Pteris ensiformis Burm.f.” was conducted from September 2012 to June 2013.
Field study was carried out at Gorontalo, Lombok and several places in Java i.e
Bogor, Sukabumi, Subang, Banyumas, Banjarnegara, Wonogiri and Pacitan. The
morphological and reproduction mode observations were conducted at the Plant
Taxonomy Laboratory of Biology Department, Bogor Agricultural University.
While, cytological observation and specimen identifications were conducted at
Laboratory of Morphological, Anatomical and Cytological of Herbarium
Bogoriense (BO).
A part of this study was presented on The 9th International Flora Malesiana
Symposium in Bogor, 27th – 31st Agust 2013 with the tittle “ A New Cytotype of
Pteris ensiformis var. victoriae from Malesian Region” and the manuscript of the
article was submitted to Reinwardtia Journal.
I greatly appreciate to my supervisors: Dr. Ir. Tatik Chikmawati, M.Si and
Prof. Dr. Dedy Darnaedi, M.Sc for their advice, guidance and encouragements
throughout this study. I wish to thank Dr. Sunaryo, Ujang Hapidz, Widoyanti,
Eka, and Drs. Erwin from Herbarium Bogoriense for helping during laboratory
and photograph work. I also thanks to my friends from Plant Biology for their
support and discussion.
Finally, my grateful goes to my dear father (Harun who has passed away 25
years ago) and my mother (Ibu Ngatini), my brother (Kang Ibik) and my sister
(Mbak Rom) and especially my little family (Bahiyah and our child
Athifatuzzahra) and Mr. Bunyamin’s family for their moral supports.
I hope this thesis will be usefull.
Bogor, January 2014
Muhammad Efendi
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLE
vi
LIST OF FIGURE
vi
1 INTRODUCTION
Background
Objectives
1
1
2
2 METHODS
Times and location
Plant Materials
Methods
Data analysis
2
2
3
3
4
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Morphological variations
Somatic chromosome number and mode of reproduction
Phenetic analysis
5
6
8
13
4 CONCLUSSION
14
REFERENCES
15
LAMPIRAN
13
LIST OF TABLE
Ecological data of Pteris ensiformis
Morphological characters of Pteris ensiformis
Spore sizes of Pteris ensiformis
Cytological and reproduction modes of Pteris ensiformis in various
regions in Indonesia
5 Stomata sizes of Pteris ensiformis
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
11
LIST OF FIGURE
1 Study sites. 1. Pelabuhan Ratu Sukabumi 2. Bogor 3. Subang 4.
Banyumas 5. Banjarnegara 6. Wonogiri 7. Pacitan 8. Mataram, Lombok
9. Gorontalo.
2 Morphological character of Pteris ensiformis. A. Sterile leave; B.
Fertile leave.
3 Natural habitat of Pteris ensiformis A. P. ensiformis var. victoriae B-E.
P. ensiformis var. ensiformis
4 Variation of pinnae colour. A. Green to dark green; B. Green to
yellowish; C. Variegated pinnae.
5 Variation in ratio of lamina and stipe length (L/S). A. L/S > 1; B.
L/S=1; C. L/S
MUHAMMAD EFENDI
THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2014
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH ORIGINALITY AND
INFORMATION SOURCE
This is to verify that my thesis entitled: Cytotaxonomy Pteris ensiformis
Burm.f. is true represent result of my research and have never been publicized. All
information and data used have been expressed clearly and can be checked its
truth. I devolved copyright of my thesis to Bogor Agricultural University.
Bogor, January 2014
Muhammad Efendi
RINGKASAN
MUHAMMAD EFENDI. Sitotaksonomi Pteris ensiformis Burm.f. Dibimbing
oleh TATIK CHIKMAWATI dan DEDY DARNAEDI.
Penelitian tentang sitotaksonomi Pteris ensiformis Burm.f. dari berbagai
daerah di Indonesia telah dilakukan. Variasi infraspesifik pada P. ensiformis dan
hubungan intraspesies dari P. ensiformis dapat digunakan untuk memperjelas
batasan infraspesies dari P. ensiformis itu sendiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
mengkaji variasi morfologi, sitologi dan tipe reproduksi pada P. ensiformis dan
mengkaji hubungan antara tipe reproduksi, tingkatan ploidi dengan variasi
morfologi pada P. ensiformis.
Penelitian ini dilakukan sejak September 2012 sampai Juni 2013.
Pengamatan morfologi dilakukan pada 75 individu yang telah dikoleksi dari
Gorontalo, Lombok dan berbagai tempat di Jawa dan ditambah dengan spesimen
dari Herbarium Bogoriense (BO). Pengataman sitologi dilakukan dengan cara
memeriksa kromosom somatik pada ujung akar dengan menggunakan metode
squash. Analisis tipe reproduksi dilakukan dengan cara menghitung jumlah spora
pada setiap sporangium.
Sebuah rekaman data sitologi terbaru pada P. ensiformis var. victoriae telah
ditemukan dari Indonesia yaitu 2n=58 dengan tipe diploid seksual dari Gorontalo,
Sulawesi dan 2n=87 dengan tipe triploid dari Pulau Lombok dan Bogor Jawa
Barat. Sitotipe diploid var. victoriae memiliki habitus yang lebih kecil dibanding
dengan sitotipe triploid var. victoriae. Sitotipe tetraploid seksual (2n=116) var.
ensiformis yang telah dikoleksi dari berbagai tempat di Jawa menambah data sitoreproduksi dari var. ensiformis di Indonesia. Berdasarkan data morfologi, P.
ensiformis secara konsisten dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam dua kelompok yaitu P.
ensiformis var. ensiformis dan P. ensiformis var. victoriae. Ke depannya,
penelitian untuk memperjelas hubungan antara varietas dalam P. ensiformis
sangat direkomendasikan.
Kata kunci: jumlah kromosom, Pteris ensiformis Burm.f., sitotipe,.
SUMMARY
MUHAMMAD EFENDI. Cytotaxonomy Pteris ensiformis
Supervised by TATIK CHIKMAWATI and DEDY DARNAEDI.
Burm.f.
The cytotaxonomy of Pteris ensiformis Burm.f. from several places in
Indonesia have been studied. The information about infraspesific variation of P.
ensiformis and the relationships within P. ensiformis can be used to clarify the
intraspecies delimitation of P. ensiformis. The objectives of this study were to
examine morphological, cytological and mode reproduction of P. ensiformis and
to clarified the correlation between mode of reproduction, ploidy level and
morphological variation in P. ensiformis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to
examined the intraspesific variation of P. ensiformis in Indonesia.
This study was conducted from September 2012 to June 2013. The
morphological character was examined from 60 collections of living plants
originated from Gorontalo, Lombok and various places in Java, added the
specimen from Herbarium Bogoriense (BO). Cytological observations were
conducted by observing somatic chromosome of root tips using squash methods.
Modes of reproduction were determined by counting the number of spores of each
sporangium.
New cytological record of P. ensiformis var. victoriae have been found from
Indonesia i.e 2n=58 (diploid sexual) from Gorontalo, Celebes and 2n=87 (triploid)
from Lombok Island and Bogor West Java. The diploid sexual of var. victoriae
has smaller in habitus than that of the triploid races. Cytotype tetraploid sexual
(2n=116) of var. ensiformis, collected from various places in Java is an important
information of cyto-reproduction data of var. ensiformis in Indonesia. Based on
morphological data, P. ensiformis consistenly can be classified into two varieties
namely P. ensiformis var. ensiformis and P. ensiformis var. victoriae. However,
futher study to clarify their relationship among varieties is strongly recommended.
.
Keywords: chromosome numbers, cytotypes, Pteris ensiformis Burm.f.
Copy right© 2014, Bogor Agricultural University
All right reversed by Law
It is prohibited to cites all parts of this thesis without referring to and mention the
source
a. Citation only permitted for the sake of education, research, sciencific
writing, critical writing or reviewing scientific problems.
b. Citation does not inflict the name and honor of Bogor Agricultural
University
It is prohibited to republish and reproduce all parts of this thesis without
copyright permission from Bogor Agricultural University
CYTOTAXONOMY PTERIS ENSIFORMIS BURM.f.
MUHAMMAD EFENDI
Thesis
Submitted as partial fulfillment requirement for The Master
Degree in Plant Taxonomy
THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2014
External examiner : Prof. Dr. Alex Hartana, M.Sc
Tittle
: Cytotaxonomy Pteris ensiformis Burm.f.
Names
: Muhammad Efendi
Reg. Number : G353110261
Approved by,
Supervisor committee
Dr. Ir. Tatik Chikmawati, M.Si
(Chairman)
Prof. Dr. Dedy Darnaedi, M.Sc
(Member)
Head of Plant Biology
Graduate Program
Dean of Graduate School
Dr. Ir. Miftahudin, M.Si
Dr. Ir. Dahrul Syah, MSc.Agr
Date of examination : 18th December 2013
Date of graduation:
PREFACE
A study of cytoreproduction in fern species with the title “Cytotaxonomy
Pteris ensiformis Burm.f.” was conducted from September 2012 to June 2013.
Field study was carried out at Gorontalo, Lombok and several places in Java i.e
Bogor, Sukabumi, Subang, Banyumas, Banjarnegara, Wonogiri and Pacitan. The
morphological and reproduction mode observations were conducted at the Plant
Taxonomy Laboratory of Biology Department, Bogor Agricultural University.
While, cytological observation and specimen identifications were conducted at
Laboratory of Morphological, Anatomical and Cytological of Herbarium
Bogoriense (BO).
A part of this study was presented on The 9th International Flora Malesiana
Symposium in Bogor, 27th – 31st Agust 2013 with the tittle “ A New Cytotype of
Pteris ensiformis var. victoriae from Malesian Region” and the manuscript of the
article was submitted to Reinwardtia Journal.
I greatly appreciate to my supervisors: Dr. Ir. Tatik Chikmawati, M.Si and
Prof. Dr. Dedy Darnaedi, M.Sc for their advice, guidance and encouragements
throughout this study. I wish to thank Dr. Sunaryo, Ujang Hapidz, Widoyanti,
Eka, and Drs. Erwin from Herbarium Bogoriense for helping during laboratory
and photograph work. I also thanks to my friends from Plant Biology for their
support and discussion.
Finally, my grateful goes to my dear father (Harun who has passed away 25
years ago) and my mother (Ibu Ngatini), my brother (Kang Ibik) and my sister
(Mbak Rom) and especially my little family (Bahiyah and our child
Athifatuzzahra) and Mr. Bunyamin’s family for their moral supports.
I hope this thesis will be usefull.
Bogor, January 2014
Muhammad Efendi
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLE
vi
LIST OF FIGURE
vi
1 INTRODUCTION
Background
Objectives
1
1
2
2 METHODS
Times and location
Plant Materials
Methods
Data analysis
2
2
3
3
4
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Morphological variations
Somatic chromosome number and mode of reproduction
Phenetic analysis
5
6
8
13
4 CONCLUSSION
14
REFERENCES
15
LAMPIRAN
13
LIST OF TABLE
Ecological data of Pteris ensiformis
Morphological characters of Pteris ensiformis
Spore sizes of Pteris ensiformis
Cytological and reproduction modes of Pteris ensiformis in various
regions in Indonesia
5 Stomata sizes of Pteris ensiformis
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
11
LIST OF FIGURE
1 Study sites. 1. Pelabuhan Ratu Sukabumi 2. Bogor 3. Subang 4.
Banyumas 5. Banjarnegara 6. Wonogiri 7. Pacitan 8. Mataram, Lombok
9. Gorontalo.
2 Morphological character of Pteris ensiformis. A. Sterile leave; B.
Fertile leave.
3 Natural habitat of Pteris ensiformis A. P. ensiformis var. victoriae B-E.
P. ensiformis var. ensiformis
4 Variation of pinnae colour. A. Green to dark green; B. Green to
yellowish; C. Variegated pinnae.
5 Variation in ratio of lamina and stipe length (L/S). A. L/S > 1; B.
L/S=1; C. L/S