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occurred, which can be re-examined. Photograph or slides can also be included. Interview is face to face verbal sessions conducted by researcher
as unplanned, planned or structured interactions. The researcher can use previously planned questions, structured interview schedules or allow the
interview to unfold spontaneously.
F. The Technique of Data Analysis
If the data have been collected, they have to be analyzed. Data analysis in action research involves moving away from the ‘action’
components of the cycle, where the main focus is on planning and acting, to the ‘research’ aspects, where the focus changes to more systematic
observing and reflecting. Davis in Burns 1999: p. 153 says that data analysis is the point where statements or assertions about what the
research shows are produced. During the process of action research, this study collected the following group of data: transcript of the interview
result, pre-research observation report, field notes, photographs of teaching and learning process and speaking test, research documents
consisting lesson plan, list of students’ pre-test and post test results. The data which will be analyzed are:
1. Transcript of the interview result
2. Pre-research observation report
3. Students’ speaking score
4. Field notes
5. Photograph of teaching and learning process.
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Quantitative data which is students’ score of speaking is analyzed by searching for its average score of each aspect of speaking competence.
Then he also counted the average score of students’ speaking for the whole performance. At the end he compared the result of students’ pre test
score and post test score. Therefore, chances in students’ quantitative achievement could be monitored.
Qualitative data were analyzed by using constant comparative method. Strauss and Glasser in Moleong 2004: p. 288-289 said that the
date analysis process includes data reduction, data classification, data synthesis, and ended with action hypothesis. They are as follows:
a. Data Reduction
a Unit identification. First, the smallest unit found in the data is
identified, and it should have close relation to the research problems.
b Codification. It means that we have to code every unit in order to
know where the data come from. b.
Categorization a
Categorization arrangement. It is aimed at choosing every unit that has the same characteristic.
b Every category must be labeled.
c. Synthesis
a To synthesize means to look for the relation between one category
and the others.
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b Then, relating the one category and the others should be labeled
again. 4. Stating “Action Hyphothesis”
He analyzed qualitative data by reading transcript of interview, pre-research observation report, and field notes; reviewing the
photographs of teaching and learning process. Then she coded which were the answer of the research question and made the notes in separated paper.
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CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
The aims of the research are describing whether or not and to what extent Small-group discussion can improve students’ speaking competence,
finding out the changes that may happen after implementing Small-group discussion climate. Those findings and the discussion are described in chapter
IV. Each cycle of the research consisting the moment of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting are described in this chapter.
A. Introduction
