v
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstrak
i Abstract
ii Acknowledgement
iii Dedication
iv Table of Content
v List of Tables
vi List of Figures
vii List of Abbreviations
viii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction
1 1.2
Objectives 3
1.3 Problem Statement
3 1.4
Significant of Study 4
1.5 Thesis Overview
4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Introduction
5 2.2
Composite 5
2.3 Polymer Matrix Composites PMC
6 2.4
Polypropylene PP as Matrix Materials 8
2.5 Reinforcement
9 2.6
Natural Fiber 11
2.7 Sugar Cane Fiber Cellulose SCFC as Natural Fiber
12 2.7.1
Properties of Sugar Cane Fiber Cellulose SCFC 14
2.7.1.1 Physical Properties
14 2.7.1.2
Mechanical Properties 14
2.8 Matrix
15
vi 2.9
Tapioca Starch as Matrix 16
2.10 Glycerol as Plasticizer 18
2.10.1 General Properties of Glycerol
19 2.10.2
Physical Properties of Glycerol 19
2.11 Mechanical Properties of the Composites 20
2.11.1 Tensile Properties
20 2.11.2
Impact Properties 21
2.11 3 Flexural Properties
22 2.12 Environmental Properties Evaluation for PTSG Biodegradable
Hybrid Composite 23
2.12.1 Biodegradation Test
23 2.12.2
Water Absorption Test 25
2.12.3 Thickness Swelling Test
27 2.13 Morphology Observation
27
3. METHODOLOGY 30
3.1 Introduction
30 3.2
Methodology 30
3.2.1 Flow Chart of Methodology
31 3.3
Materials 31
3.3.1 Tapioca Starch TS
33 3.3.2
Sugar Cane Fiber Cellulose SCFC 34
3.3.3 Glycerol
34 3.3.4
Polypropylene 35
3.4 Raw Materials Preparation
36 3.4.1
Sugar Cane Fiber Cellulose SCFC Drying Process 36
3.4.2 Crushing Process
37 3.5 Characterization of Sugar Cane Fiber Cellulose
38 3.5.1
Drying Profile Study 38
3.5.2 Density Measurement
38 3.5.3
Morphological Observation 39
3.6 Sample Fabrication
40 3.6.1
Compounding of PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid composite 40
vii 3.6.2
Hot Compression Molding 42
3.7 Mechanical Testing 42
3.7.1 Tensile Test
43 3.7.2
Impact Test 44
3.7.3 Flexural Test
44 3.8
Environmental Properties Evaluation for PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid Composite
46 3.8.1a
Weathering Test 46
3.8.1b Soil Test
46 3.8.2
Water Absorption Test 47
3.8.3 Thickness Swelling Test
47
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 48
4.1 Introduction
48 4.2
Raw Material Characterization 48
4.2.1 SCFC Density Measurement
48 4.3
The Study on the processability of PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid Composite
51 4.3.1
Processing characteristics of PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid Composite
51 4.3.2
Torque analysis of PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid Composite 51
4.4 Characterization of Mechanical properties for PTSG Biodegradable
Hybrid Composite 53
4.4.1 Tensile Test Analysis for PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid
Composite 53
4.4.2 Flexural Test Three Point Bending Analysis for PTSG
Biodegradable Hybrid Composite 57
4.4.3 Charpy Impact Strength Analysis for PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid
Composite 59
4.5 Characterization of environmental evolution for PTSG Biodegradable
Hybrid Composite 61
4.5.1 Weathering properties of PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid
Composite 62
viii 4.5.2
Soil Properties of PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid Composite 65
4.6 Characterization of water absorption properties for PTSG Biodegradable
Hybrid Composite 69
4.7 Characterization of thickness swelling properties for PTSG Biodegradable
Hybrid Composite 70
4.8 SEM analysis of tensile test fractured surface of PTSG Biodegradable
Hybrid Composite 72
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 75
