Physical characteristic for some common types of fiber

ix LIST OF TABLES 2.1 Melting and glass transition temperature for selected polymers 9 2.2 Bagasse chemical compositions 13

2.3 Physical characteristic for some common types of fiber

14 2.4 Mechanical properties of some natural fibers 15 2.5 Physical properties of TSPCL blends using granular TS starch in various proportions 17 2.6 Specifications for tapioca starch by Thai Tapioca Flour Industry Trade Association 17 2.7 General information of glycerol 19 2.8 Physical properties of glycerol 19 3.1 Standard Specification of native cassava starch for modification purpose 33 3.2 The basic physical properties of the glycerol used 35 3.3 The Polypropylene PP Typical Properties 36 3.4 The PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid Composites formulation 40 3.5 PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid Composite formulation 41 4.1 Density measurement of sugar cane fiber cellulose 49 4.2 Density measurement of some natural fibers and raw material 50 4.3 Mechanical properties of some natural fibers 51 4.4 Impact properties of PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid Composite 60 4.5 Before and after observation of weathering test 63 4.6 Weight before and after weathering test; Percentages of weight reduction . 65 4.7 Before and after observation of soil burial test 66 4.8 Weight before and after burying test; Percentages of weight reduction . 68 x LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Polymerization of propylene to polypropylene 8 2.2 Fiber arrangement patterns in the layer of fiber reinforce composite Material 10 2.3 Classification of natural fibers 12 2.4 Part of the sugar cane 12 2.5 Tensile strength and strain of LDPE composite sheets 21 2.6 Tensile strengths of LDPE, LDPES and LDPEMS blends 24 2.7 Percentage water absorption of starch-filled poly styrene-co-butyl acrylate polyester nonwoven composites at room temperature for 24 hrs and 8 days 26 2.8 Rate of water absorption of starch-filled poly styrene-co-butyl acrylate polyester nonwoven composites at room temperature 26 2.9 Percentage thickness swelling of starch-filled poly styrene-co-butyl acrylate polyester nonwoven composites at room temperature 27 2.10 SEM micrographs of the cryogenically fractured surface of a and b 8020 LLDPETS blend c 80202 LLDPESS-g-OSA DS = 0.024 blend, and d 80202 LLDPESS-g-OSA DS = 0.045 blend 28 2.11 SEM micrographs of kenaf fiber surface in composites A 100μm at 200x and B 10μm at 500x 29 3.1 Flow chart of methodology 32 3.2 Tapioca starch 33 3.3. Sugar cane fiber cellulose 34 3.4 Glycerol 35 3.5 Polypropylene 36 xi 3.6 Drying sugar cane fiber cellulose in the oven model UFB 400, MEMMERT 37 3.7 Rotor mill machine 37 3.8 Drying SCFC in the laboratory oven 38 3.9 Electronic Densimeter 39 3.10 SEM model EVO 50 44 3.11 HAAKE Rheomix OS 41 3.12 Hot compression molding 42 3.13 Universal Testing Machine UTM 43 3.14 Tensile specimen 43 3.15 Charpy Types Specimen 44 3.16 Flexural testing at three-point bending set-up 45 3.17 Standard test configuration of flexural test 45 4.1 Average plot of torque value Nm versus time minutes for the PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid Composite with different wt. of filler loading 51 4.2 Tensile strength of PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid composite at different composition of PPTSSCFCglycerol 54 4.3 Percentage of Elongation for PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid composite at different composition of PPTSSCFCglycerol 56 4.4 Tensile Modulus of PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid composite at different composition of PPTSSCFCglycerol 56 4.5 Flexural Strength of PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid Composite at different composition of PPTSSCFCglycerol 58 4.6 Flexural Modulus of PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid Composite at different composition of PPTSSCFCglycerol 58 4.7 Impact strength of PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid composite at different composition of PPTSSCFCglycerol 61 4.8 Comparison of normal, weathering and soil burial degradation test for impact strength test results. 69 xii 4.9 Water absorption characteristic PTSG Biodegr adable Hybrid Composite at different composition of PPTSSCFCglycerol within 10 days of immersion. 70 4.10 Comparison of thickness deflection PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid Composite at different composition of PPTSSCFCglycerol within 10 days 72 4.11 SEM micrograph showed the fractured surface of the virgin pp sample at a 500X and b 1 000X of magnification 73 4.12 SEM micrograph showed the fractured surface of the PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid Composite with various compositions of PPTSSCFCglycerol a 100013 b 901013 c 802013 d 703013 and d 604013. 74 xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASTM American Standard Testing of Materials CMC Ceramic Matrix Composite DS Degrees of Substitution DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry Eg. Example et al. and others etc. Et cetera LDPE Low Density Polyethylene LLDPE Linear Low Density Polyethylene MAPP Maleic-Anhydride Grafted Polypropylene MMC Metal Matrix Composite MS Modified starch PC Polycarbonates PCL Polycaprolactrone PHA Polyhydroxyalkanoate PHBV polyhydroxybutyrate and hydroxyvalerate PLA polylactic acid PMC Polymer Matrix Composite PP Polypropylene TS SCFC Tapioca starch reinforced sugar cane fiber cellulose S Starch SCFC Sugar Cane Fiber Cellulose SEM Scanning electron microscopy S-g-OSA Succinylated Starches TGA Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer TS Tapioca Starch Wt Percent of weight fraction WA Water Absorption 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction