ix
LIST OF TABLES
2.1
Melting and glass transition temperature for selected polymers 9
2.2 Bagasse chemical compositions
13
2.3 Physical characteristic for some common types of fiber
14 2.4
Mechanical properties of some natural fibers 15
2.5 Physical properties of TSPCL blends using granular TS starch in
various proportions 17
2.6 Specifications for tapioca starch by Thai Tapioca Flour Industry
Trade Association 17
2.7 General information of glycerol
19 2.8
Physical properties of glycerol 19
3.1
Standard Specification of native cassava starch for modification purpose 33 3.2
The basic physical properties of the glycerol used 35
3.3 The Polypropylene PP Typical Properties
36 3.4
The PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid Composites formulation 40
3.5 PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid Composite formulation 41
4.1 Density measurement of sugar cane fiber cellulose
49 4.2
Density measurement of some natural fibers and raw material 50
4.3 Mechanical properties of some natural fibers
51 4.4
Impact properties of PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid Composite 60
4.5 Before and after observation of weathering test
63 4.6
Weight before and after weathering test; Percentages of weight reduction .
65 4.7
Before and after observation of soil burial test 66
4.8 Weight before and after burying test; Percentages of
weight reduction . 68
x
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1
Polymerization of propylene to polypropylene 8
2.2 Fiber arrangement patterns in the layer of fiber reinforce composite
Material 10
2.3 Classification of natural fibers
12 2.4
Part of the sugar cane 12
2.5 Tensile strength and strain of LDPE composite sheets
21 2.6
Tensile strengths of LDPE, LDPES and LDPEMS blends 24
2.7 Percentage water absorption of starch-filled poly
styrene-co-butyl acrylate polyester nonwoven composites at room temperature for 24 hrs and 8 days
26 2.8
Rate of water absorption of starch-filled poly styrene-co-butyl acrylate polyester nonwoven composites
at room temperature
26 2.9
Percentage thickness swelling of starch-filled poly styrene-co-butyl acrylate polyester nonwoven composites
at room temperature
27 2.10 SEM micrographs of the cryogenically fractured surface of
a and b 8020 LLDPETS blend c 80202 LLDPESS-g-OSA DS = 0.024 blend, and
d 80202 LLDPESS-g-OSA DS = 0.045 blend
28 2.11 SEM micrographs of kenaf fiber surface in composites
A 100μm at 200x and B 10μm at 500x 29
3.1 Flow chart of methodology
32 3.2
Tapioca starch 33
3.3. Sugar cane fiber cellulose 34
3.4 Glycerol
35 3.5
Polypropylene 36
xi 3.6
Drying sugar cane fiber cellulose in the oven model UFB 400, MEMMERT
37 3.7
Rotor mill machine 37
3.8 Drying SCFC in the laboratory oven
38 3.9
Electronic Densimeter 39
3.10 SEM model EVO 50 44
3.11 HAAKE Rheomix OS 41
3.12 Hot compression molding 42
3.13 Universal Testing Machine UTM 43
3.14 Tensile specimen 43
3.15 Charpy Types Specimen 44
3.16 Flexural testing at three-point bending set-up 45
3.17 Standard test configuration of flexural test 45
4.1 Average plot of torque value Nm versus time minutes for the
PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid Composite with different wt. of filler loading
51 4.2
Tensile strength of PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid composite at different composition of PPTSSCFCglycerol
54 4.3
Percentage of Elongation for PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid composite at different composition of PPTSSCFCglycerol
56 4.4
Tensile Modulus of PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid composite at different composition of PPTSSCFCglycerol
56 4.5
Flexural Strength of PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid Composite at different composition of PPTSSCFCglycerol
58 4.6
Flexural Modulus of PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid Composite at different composition of PPTSSCFCglycerol
58 4.7
Impact strength of PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid composite at different composition of PPTSSCFCglycerol
61 4.8
Comparison of normal, weathering and soil burial degradation test for impact strength test results.
69
xii 4.9
Water absorption characteristic PTSG Biodegr adable Hybrid Composite at different composition of PPTSSCFCglycerol
within 10 days of immersion.
70 4.10 Comparison of thickness deflection PTSG Biodegradable Hybrid
Composite at different composition of PPTSSCFCglycerol within 10 days
72 4.11 SEM micrograph showed the fractured surface of the virgin pp sample at
a 500X and b 1 000X of magnification
73 4.12 SEM micrograph showed the fractured surface of the PTSG
Biodegradable Hybrid Composite with various compositions of PPTSSCFCglycerol
a 100013 b 901013
c 802013 d 703013 and
d 604013.
74
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ASTM
American Standard Testing of Materials CMC
Ceramic Matrix Composite DS
Degrees of Substitution DSC
Differential Scanning Calorimetry Eg.
Example et al.
and others etc.
Et cetera LDPE
Low Density Polyethylene LLDPE
Linear Low Density Polyethylene MAPP
Maleic-Anhydride Grafted Polypropylene MMC
Metal Matrix Composite MS
Modified starch PC
Polycarbonates PCL
Polycaprolactrone PHA
Polyhydroxyalkanoate PHBV
polyhydroxybutyrate and hydroxyvalerate PLA
polylactic acid PMC
Polymer Matrix Composite PP
Polypropylene TS SCFC
Tapioca starch reinforced sugar cane fiber cellulose S
Starch SCFC
Sugar Cane Fiber Cellulose SEM
Scanning electron microscopy S-g-OSA
Succinylated Starches TGA
Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer TS
Tapioca Starch Wt
Percent of weight fraction WA
Water Absorption
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction