A brief description of Novel

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Rene Wellek and Austin Warren have two approaches of literature. They are intrinsic and extrinsic approach. Intrinsic approach analyzes a literary work by based on the text and structural points of literary work, such as characters, plot, setting, style, point of view, theme., while extrinsic approach analyzes the relation between the story of the work itself with psychology, religion, moral, history, biography, etc.

2.1 A brief description of Novel

Prose is one of the genres of literature, along with poetry and drama. Prose is the ordinary form of spoken and written language whose unit is the sentence. The language in the prose does not have a regular thythmic pattern that is almost found in traditional poetry. Novel, essay, romance, and short stories are examples of prose. The word “novel” is derived from Italian word “novella” that used to describe a short, compact, broadly realistic tale popular during the medieval period. According to Kennedy 1991:213 says,”Novel is a book-length story in prose, whose author tries to create the sense that while we read, we experience actual life.” This statement leads us that the late arrival of the novel on the literary scene tells us something important about the genre, it is, above all else, a form of literature which looks at people in society. Most novels are concerned with ordinary people and their problems in the societies in which they find themselves. The novels deal with a human character in a social institution, man as a social being. Universitas Sumatera Utara 8 Elements of prose are divided into six elements. They are, character, plot, setting, theme, point of view and style of writing. Character is any person, personal, identity, or entity whose existence originates from a fictional work of performance. Character is a participant in the story. Character also refers to moral qualities and ethical standards and principles. Edgar 1995:51 says,”Stories, like plays, are about characters, characters who, though not real people, are drawn from life.” A character is a reasonable facsimile of a human being, with all the good and bad traits of being human. Characters are the most analyzed elements in literature because they provide the richest analysis of the author’s intent. Peck 1986:105 says,”Characters in literary work are not like real life people for they have been specially created by authors. When authors create character, they select some aspect of ordinary people. Develop some of those aspect whilst playing down other and put them together as they please, the result is not an ordinary person but a fictional characters who only exist in the words of literary works.” A novel is a world specially made in words by an author. A novel exists in the way it does because an author has chosen to put it together in that particular way. This means that novels are not real life. Finally, character is the interest for the very personal that we want to see how others people live, how they persue their goals. We measure our selves by them. Through action, speech, description, and commentary, authors portray characters who are worth caring about, rooting for, and even loving, although there are also characters you may laugh at, dislike, or even hate. Nevertheless, their actions express their characters. Actions may also signal qualities such as naivete, weakness, deceit, a scheming personality, strong inner conflicts, or a realization or growth of some sort. Universitas Sumatera Utara 9 Plot is a stories of events in a narrative that is carefully constructured by the author for artistic purpose, a series of related incidents that build upon one another as the story develops. Roberts Jacobs 1995:52 explain that,”The pattern in which the protagonist meets and resolves the conflict is called the plot, which has been compared to the story’s map, scheme, or blueprint.” Through the plot, the readers can see the development of the character and the plot itself should be interesting and able to encourage the readers to turn the page continuously untill the end of the story. Plot mythos is the most important element of drama—more important than character. It is a beginning, a middle, and an end, and the events of the plot must causally relate to one another as being either necessary or probable. Plot also a narrative structure that divided a story into five parts, like the five acts of a play. These parts are: exposition of the situation; rising action through conflict; climax or turning point; falling action; and resolution. The exposition introduces all of the main characters in the story. It shows how they relate to one another, what their goals and motivations are, and the kind of person they are. The audience may have questions about any of these things, which get settled, but if they do have them they are specific and well-focused questions. Most importantly, in the exposition, the audience gets to know the main character protagonist, and the protagonist gets to know his or her main goal and what is at stake if he or she fails to attain this goal. This phase ends, and the next begins, with the introduction of conflict. Rising action starts with the death of the characters or a conflict. Generally, in this phase the protagonist understands his or her goal and begins to work toward it. Smaller problems thwart their initial success, and in this phase their progress is directed primarily against these secondary obstacles. This phase shows us how he or Universitas Sumatera Utara 10 she overcomes these obstacles. Thus, at the end of this phase and at the beginning of the next they are finally in a position to go up against their primary goal. This part begins after the exposition. It consists of a beginnings of a tension or complication that continues with the development of conflict between the characters. The point of climax is the turning point of the story, where the main character makes the single big decision that defines the outcome of their story and who they are as a person. The dramatic phase that Freytag called the climax is the third of the five phases, which occupies the middle of the story, and that contains the point of climax. Thus the climax may refer to the point of climax or to the third phase of the drama. Falling action in the sense that the loose ends are being tied up. However, it is often the time of greatest overall tension in the play, because it is the phase in which everything goes most wrong. Resolution is a final confrontation between the protagonist and antagonist, where one or the other decisively wins. This phase is the story of that confrontation, of what leads up to it, of why it happens the way it happens, what it means, and what its long-term consequences are. Conflict is the major element of plot because apposing forces arouse curiosity, cause doubt, create tension, and produce interest. There should be uncertainty about a protagonist’s success, for unless there is doubt there is no tension, and without tension there is no interest. Setting is the local and time of a story. According to Roberts Jacobs 1995:187 says,”Setting is the natural, manufactured, political, cultural, and temporal environment, including everything that characters know and own.” Universitas Sumatera Utara 11 Theme is what author is trying to tell the readers. Theme is a controlling idea of literary work that is a general truth or commentary about life, people, and the world that is brought in a story. When we are trying to decide on theme, we have to consider the title of the work itself, along with the general observations about life made by the characters throughout the story. Point of view is the speaker in the story. According to Roberts Jacobs 1995:180 says,”Point of view refers to the position and stance of the voice, or speaker, that authors adopt for their works.” Here, we call the speaker or the voice is a narrator. Through the narrator, the author tells the story, expresses the feelings and attitudes, or describes what is happening to the characters. There are three types of point of view: first person point of view “I” and “Me”, second person point of view “You”, and third person point of view “She”,”He”,”It”,”They”. Style of writing helps us to indicate the tone. It is the manner in which the work is written. It is about the selection of words diction, sentence structure syntax, and narrative modes, all works together to present certain style. Kennedy 1991:214 divided novel into two class: 1. Non-Fiction novel The author presents actual people and events in story form, this also called true life novel.  Historical novel, a kind of novel that claims basis in fact. A detailed reconstruction of life in another time, perhaps in another place. In some historical novels the author attempts faithful picture of daily life in another era, history is backdrop for an existing story of love and heroic adventure. Universitas Sumatera Utara 12  Apprenticeship novel, a kind of novel in which a youth struggles toward maturity, seeking, perhaps, some consistent world view or philosophy of life. Sometimes the apprenticeship novel is evidently the author’s recollection of his own yearly life.  Picaresque novel, a kind of novel which told in episodes rather than in one all-unifying plot and is narrated in the first person by hero at odds with respectable society.  Short novel, a kind of novel refers to a narrative midway in length between a short story and a novel the latter, according to E.M. Forster, has to have at least 50,000 words. Generally, a short novel like a short story that is focused on just one or two characters but, unlike a short story, has room to reveal them in grater fullness and depth, sometimes taking in a longer span of time. 2. Fiction novel  Epistolary novel is a kind of novel, whether or not the events it relates are literally possible. To achieve this sense, novelists have employed many devices, and frequently have tried to pass off their storytelling as reporting. Another method favored by novelist is to write as though setting down a memoir or an autobiography. The Notebook is a kind of historical novel, because based on true story which containing Allie Hamilton’s conflict. This novel much told about love and life lessons which could be useful for human in living their life. Universitas Sumatera Utara 13

2.2 A brief description of Character