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The time signal for present perfect tense are indicated by since, for, this week, up to now, so far, not yet, already, often, once, twice, three
times, etc.
14
From the discussion above the present perfect tense focused on the action that happened in the past but related to the present moment. It is
used commonly to show that the action has just been completed, or at least the effect of the action is still felt at the moment if speaking.
D. Learning Difficulty
Some students have difficulties in their learning. It can be showed by their lowbad scores or achievement in several subject matters. Abu Ahmadi
and Widodo Supriyono defines, “Dalam keadaan dimana anaksiswa tidak dapat belajar sebagaimana mestinya, Itulah yang disebut dengan kesulitan
belajar”. The condition where the students cannot learn normally is called learning difficulty.
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There are some factors which caused learning difficulties. According to Abu Ahmadi and Widodo Supriyono, there are two factors: internal and
external factors, as follows:
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a. Student’s internal factors
The student’s internal factors are divided into two aspects, as follows:
14
Team of five, Improving Reading Skill in English Jakarta: Darul Ulum press. 2001, p. 64
15
Abu Ahmad and Widodo Supriyono; Psikologi Belajar, Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipt, 1991, p.74 translated by the writer.
16
Abu Ahmad dan Widodo Supriyono; Psikologi Belajar, p. 75-79 Translated by the writer
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1 Physiological Aspect, this aspect is about the condition of students’
body from every part of the body. 2
Psychological Aspect, this aspect emphasizes on the inside conditions of the students. It consists of students’ intelligence, talent,
interest, motivation, mental health and special type of learner. b.
Students external factors Student’s extern factors cover all situations and condition around
environment that do not support student’s learning activity. Environment factors cover as follows:
1 Social Environment, the social environment here is the human
environment outside students who have contact directly with them such as family, in their school, neighbors and mass media.
2 Nonsocial Environment, the factors which include the nonsocial
environment are the location of student’s house, the school’s building, learning instruments, curriculum, and school timing. All
these factors are though could be the influences for student’s achievement.
In addition, Syaiful Bahri Jamarah made it more specific divisions the cause of
learning difficulties into student’s factor, school’s factor, family’s factor, and society’s factor.
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a. Students Factor
Some factors that make students difficult in learning
17
Drs. Syaiful Bahri Djamarah, Psikologi Belajar, second edition, Jakarta: Reneka Cipt, 2008, p. 237-246
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1. Lack of intelligence
2. Lack of talent and not suitable with lesson which learning or
given by teacher 3.
Unstable emotion 4.
Lack of study activity 5.
Lack of healthy 6.
Not having motivation in learning 7.
Etc. b.
School’s Factor 1.
Personal of teacher is not good 2.
Teacher does not have quality 3.
Unharmonious relationship between teacher and students 4.
Teacher is unskilled to diagnosis student’s difficult in learning
5. The way teacher teach is lack of good
6. Media is not complete
7. Condision of school is not graffiti
8. Indiscipline
9. Etc.
c. Family’s Factor
Family is an informal education outside of school. It has an important part in education world. Family also can make student
difficult in learning. Some factors that make it are:
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1. Lack of tools of study for students in home
2. Less education fee that parents prepared
3. Family’s healthy is less of good
4. Lack of parents attention
5. Children too much helping parents
6. Etc.
d. Society’s Factor
Some factors in society that makes students difficult in learning are:
1. Commotion, noise, dispute, fight, robe that often happen in
society 2.
Electronic media like television that often showing properly programs like immoral, pornograhic, etc.
3. Drugs
4. Slum area, dirty environment
5. Etc.
From the ideas above, the writer concludes that difficulty in learning is a condition that makes students cannot get the output
learning target because there are barriers or threats that come from inside or outside of the students.
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E. Difficulties in Learning Present Perfect Tense
