language and how it is said or written. In short, at this stage, teacher should present the meaning, use, form, and context of the new language that is going to
be learnt.
b. Focused practice.
At this stage students manipulate the structure in question while all other variables are constant. The purpose of this step is to allow students to gain control
of the form without the added pressure and distraction of trying to use the form for communication. The focus of this stage is on the accuracy. At this stage, teacher
may intervene slightly to help guide and to point out inaccuracy. The teacher should not proceed the next phase until most of students have mastered at least the
form of the structure.
c. Communicative practice
At this stage, students are engaged in communicative activities to practice the structure being learnt. Communicative activities happen if there are information
gap, purpose, and response in the interaction. This activity is vital in language classroom since here students can do their best to use the language as individuals.
d. Feedback and correction
The last stage is that teacher should give feedback and correction that engages students cognitively. Here teacher is not only simply pointing out the
error and providing the appropriate target form but also giving them a remedial action to fix their understanding.
To sum up, grammar teaching consists of four stages i.e. presentation, focused practice, communicative practice, as well as feedback and correction.
Presentation stage requires teacher to present the use, meaning, form, and context of new language. Then students practice the structure in a focused and
communicative practice. After that, the teacher gives students feedback and correction of their work.
3. Aids in Grammar Teaching
a. Definition of Teaching Aid
The term of aid in language teaching means broader than media and tool. Every media and tool can be said as a teaching aid if they aim to help teacher
present information. The difference between media and tool is that every tool is media but not all media is a tool. Media refers to all things hardware, software, or
etc. that can bring information from its source to receiver
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. But, tool only refers to a hardware that is used to present information.
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And the broader definition of them belongs to teaching aid. So, teaching aid can be defined as all things that can
facilitate teachers in teaching a new material. In this case, it refers to software and hardware of CALL.
b. Importance of Teaching Aids
In conducting the teaching stages, teachers are recommended to use some aids to succeed their teaching stages meeting their goal. It is because the use of
teaching aids is so important and useful in teaching and learning process. According to Sukartiwi,
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the importance of using aid in the teaching and learning
process are:
a.
To increase students‘ motivation.
b.
To avoid students bored.
c.
To make students easy to understand the instructional material, and
d.
To make teaching and learning process more systematic
If thinking more carefully, the importance of teaching aids is more than what Sukartiwi already said. The teaching aid also helps teacher create an environment
that is interesting for students and brings features that can help them retain more concept permanently. By using teaching aid, teacher can also clarify the subject
27
Sharon E. Smaldino, et.al, Instructional Technology Media for Learning, Jakarta: Kencana, 2011, p. 9.
28
Arief S. Sadiman, et.al, Media Pendidikan dan Proses Belajar Mengajar, Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada; 1986, p. 5.
29
Soekartiwi, ―Rancangan Instruksional,‖ in Nuhung Ruis, et.al, Instructional Media, Jakarta: Ministry of National Education, 2009, p. 4.
matter more easil y so that it will save the teacher‘s time from a long explanation.
Moreover, teaching aid can provide students with direct experience or real-world application which enables students to learn higher order thinking. It is because by
using teaching aid, teacher can create a possible direct interaction between students and their environment as well as present everything outside the
classroom by means of aid. In short, the use of teaching aid in language teaching is so important and
useful to give students motivation, clarification, retention, direct experience or real-world application, and a chance to learn higher order thinking.
c. Types of Teaching Aids
Actually, aids in language teaching are so many. To make it simple, Alduais divided them into five categories as follows.
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1 Visual aids
This aid emphasizes on the use of vision sense. It is like realia, model, picture, drawing, poster, map, board, card, graph, menu, film strip, comic book,
facial diagram, calendar, table, and so on
2 Audio aids
This aid involves the use of hearing sense. It is like tape recorder, phonograph, radio, and so on.
3 Audio-visual aids
This aid combines the use of both vision and hearing sense. It is like TV, Video tapes, DVDs, Video CDs and so on.
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Ahmed Mohammed Saleh Alduais, Integration of Language Learning Theories and Aids Used for Language Teaching and Learning: A Psycholinguistic Perspective, Journal of Studies in
Education, Vol. 2, No. 4, November 2012, p. 111.
