37 Lateralization of morphological inputs with tʰ.
Input: ʰ-tuǽn P,TLar IDENT[lat,cor] IDENT[cor] a.
tʰuǽn b. ☞ lʰuǽn
8.5 Glottal buccalization
There exists an allophonic variation among glottalized nasals that occurs only during morphological prefixation. Specifically, a glottalized nasal will allophonically change to a post-stopped nasal when
before a bilabial or palatal glide. T
ABLE
8-4. Buccalization of [cg] on nasal consonants I
NPUT
O
UTPUT
a. n-m’ú [nm’ú]
‘cactus’ b. n-ʔw-m’ú [nʔm͡bú]
‘my cactus’ c. n-ʔj-m’ú
[nʔm͡bjú] ‘his cactus’ d. n-n’éw
[nn’éw] ‘thirst’
e. n-ʔw-n’éw [nʔn͡déw] ‘my thirst’ f. n-ʔj-n’éw [nʔn͡díw] ‘his thirst’
g. j-m’ǽ [m͡bjǽ]
‘beds’ h.j-m’ɑ́ʔɑj
[m͡bjɑ́ʔɑj] ‘animals’ i. j-m’ú
[m͡bjú] ‘cacti’
This can be seen with either glottalized bilabial nasals or their alveolar counterparts. In order to account for this allophony, let us begin by postulating a constraint prohibiting glottalized
nasal consonants before a glide in the context-sensitive markedness constraint in 38. 38
m’G ‘glottalized sonorants are prohibited before glides.’
Next, a context-free markedness constraint is included prohibiting post-stopped nasals. 39
m͡b ‘Post-stopped nasals are prohibited.’
Finally, there is a faithfulness constraint preserving the glottalization of glottalized nasals in 40. 40
IDENT:M[cg] ‘Output segments have input correspondents for [cg].’
These three constraints are summarized in the ranking in 41.
41 Ranking
m’Gm͡bIDENT:M[cg] This ranking predicts that if a glottalized nasal+glide cluster is in the input, it will fail due to m’G.
The next best choice is the post-stopped nasal. If the input is a glottalized nasal without a following glide, then IDENT:M[cg] will not be violated and the candidate faithful to the input will win.
42 Allophonic buccalization of glottalized nasals.
Input: n-ʔj-m’ú m’G m͡b IDENT:M[cg] a.
nʔm’jú b.☞
nʔm͡bjú In 42, the input has a morphological structure reminiscent of possessive nouns with a J-class prefix.
Because the glide must metathesize, any surface form will have a glide following the root-initial glottalized nasal. Candidate a is the faithful form which fails due to a violation of high ranking m’G.
Candidate b wins by violating the lesser ranked m͡b. Since m͡b will be violated only when competing with m’G, this is a purely allophonic representation.
43 No buccalization takes place.
Input: n-m’ú m’G m͡b IDENT:M[cg] a.☞ nm’ú
b. nm͡bú
The final example in 43 illustrates the elsewhere principle in this allophonic variation. Here, a will win since m’G is not at risk. Thus, the faithful form is the optimal candidate.
8.6 Consonant delaryngealization
