Additional verbal morphology Verb morphology

7.3.1.5 Predicate adjectives Many expressions that are characteristically expressed with adjectives in English are expressed with verbs in Northern Pame. This is always the case with the so called ‘predicate adjectives’. The constructions for such meanings are identical to the T-N class morphology minus the palatal glide. T ABLE 7-12. Predicate adjective examples with ləhĩ́n ‘be happy’ S UBJECT I NCOMPLETIVE C OMPLETIVE P OTENTIAL S ING UL AR 1 st təhĩ́n nihĩ́n n’təhĩ́n 2 nd k’əhĩ́n k’əhĩ́n n’k’əhĩ́n 3 rd ləhĩ́n nəhĩ́n nəhĩ́n DUA L 1 st təhĩ́nse nəhĩ́nse n’təhĩ́nse 2 nd təhĩ́nk’e nəhĩ́nk’e n’təhĩ́nk’e 3 rd ləhĩ́nse nəhĩ́nse nəhĩ́nse P LU RA L 1 st təhĩ́nən nəhĩ́nən n’təhĩ́nən 2 nd təhĩ́nk’e nəhĩ́nk’e n’təhĩ́k’ən 3 nd ləhĩ́nət nəhĩ́nət nəhĩ́nət

7.3.2 Additional verbal morphology

In addition to the basic verb classes described above, there are several other categories that are summarized in this section, namely, modality, directionality, participle and imperatives. It is important to note that the suffixes 1, 2 and 3 all apply to these categories as well. 7.3.2.1 Modality In addition to potential modality represented in the verbal morphology above, Northern Pame has the modality concept of ‘realis’, which expresses a certain future event. Realis is morphologically marked with the auxiliary verb attached to the potential stem. 29 FutureRealis morphology P ERSON F UTURE R EALIS 1 st mɑ 2 nd mɑ 3 rd mɑ 30 FutureRealis Examples. A UXILIARY S TEM POTENTIAL S TEM TYPE F UTURE R EALIS PHRASE mɑ n’kɑ̃́t͡s L-D class mɑ n’kɑ̃́t͡s ‘you will set.soft’ mɑ nət͡súʔ L-G class mɑ nət͡súʔ ‘I will fall off’ mɑ n’pʰə́n T-D class mɑ n’pʰə́n ‘he will hit’ mɑ n’tət͡sʰɑ́wʔ T-N class mɑ nʔtət͡sʰɑ́wʔ ‘they will learn’ 7.3.2.2 Directionals Concepts such as ‘going to’ and ‘coming from’ are expressed with the following auxiliary particles in addition to a directional prefix clitic roughly meaning ‘at’. 31 Directional morphology. ‘ GOING TO ’ ‘ COMING FROM ’ D IRECTIONAL CLITIC 1 st wɑ ne kɑ- 2 nd wɑ ne kɑ- 3 rd mɑ ne gɑ- 32 Directional morphology examples. P REFIX D IRECTIONAL I NCOMPLETIVE ROOT D IRECTIONAL PHRASE wɑ kɑ- tɑ́wn wɑ kətɑ́wn ‘I am going to buy’ wɑ kɑ- tɑ́wn wɑ kətɑ́wn ‘you are going to buy’ mɑ gɑ- tɑ́wn mɑ gətɑ́wn ‘he is going to buy’ ne kɑ- pɑ́ ne kəpɑ́ ‘I am coming to visit’ ne kɑ- pɑ́ ne kəpɑ́ ‘you are coming to visit’ ne gɑ- pɑ́ ne gəpɑ́ ‘he is coming to visit’ 7.3.2.3 Participles Participles in Northern Pame are formed by adding a participial prefix to the verb root. 33 Participle morphology. S INGULAR P LURAL P ARTICIPLE PREFIX mə- bə- 34 Participle morphology examples. P REFIX V ERB R OOT S TEM mə- ʔú məʔú ‘dried’ mə- hɑ́w məhɑ́w ‘good, well’ mə- lǽʔæ məlǽʔæ ‘living’ bə- túdət bətúdət ‘dead.Pl’ bə- ʔə́t͡ʃ’ bəʔə́t͡ʃ’ ‘sold.Pl’ bə- hɑ́w bəhɑ́w ‘good, well.Pl’ 7.3.2.4 Imperatives Imperatives are morphologically marked based on the transitivity of the verb. If the verb typically requires an object transitive, it is marked with a palatal glide prefix plus a -t suffix, which may be augmented for beneficiaryrecipient as well as number with the suffix clitics already mentioned. 35 Imperative morphology P REFIX S UFFIX I MPERATIVE TRANSITIVE j- -t I MPERATIVE INTRANSITIVE k’ə- -t T ABLE 7-13. Transitive imperatives P REFIX R OOT S UFFIX S TEM j- pæ̌hæ -t bǐhæt ‘take it’ j- pɑ́hɑw -t bíhɑw ‘loan it’ j- nɑ̃́wn -t ɲɑ́wnt ‘eat it’ j- tɑ́wn -t t͡ʃɑ́wnt ‘buy it’ j- t͡séwl’ -t t͡ʃéwl’ət ‘close it’ j- sĩ́n -t ʃĩ́nt ‘open it’ j- kwǽp -t t͡ʃuwɛ́bət return it j- ʔət͡s’ -t ɾjət͡s’ ‘sell it’ j- ʔɑt -t ɾjɑt ‘look for it’ j- hɑ́wʔ -t hjɑ́wʔt ‘drink it’ j- hẽ̌w -t hjĩ̌wt ‘pay for it’ Intransitive notions have the second person singular prefix without the palatal glide in addition to the imperatival suffix. T ABLE 7-14. Intransitive imperatives P REFIX R OOT S UFFIX S TEM k’ə- púʔ -t k’əpúʔt ‘lower yourself’ k’ə- nʰɑ̃̌s -t k’ənʰɑ̌sət ‘stand up’ k’ə- nʰə́jʔ -t k’ənʰə́t͡ʃ’ ‘enter’ k’ə- ɾuwɑ̌ -t k’əɾuwɑ̌t ‘walk’ k’ə- kə̃́ʔə̃n -t k’əkə̃́ʔə̃nt ‘pull’ k’ə- ʔə́həʎ’ -t k’əʔə́həʎ’ət ‘sleep’

7.4 Conclusion