Review of Related Studies

she finds that woman can do everything they want. They can choose what kind of job they want and they have rights to choose their interest.

A. Review of Related Theories

In this part the writer uses some theories to be the basic guidance in answering the problem formulation. The theories will be divided into three parts: first, theory of setting; second, theory of character and characterization; third, theory of character development. 1. Theory of Character and Characterization Character according to Abrams 1989: 20 is an element of literary works that play a significant role in building a story. Character describes a person with certain types and certain qualities. Abram stated that the physical appearance, emotional, and moral qualities describe the character and characterization in dramatic or narrative work. The way characters speak, think and act show their emotional, person’s qualities of mind and moral qualities 1981: 23. It is obvious that character’s appearance in a literary work can extremely help the readers’ understanding about what is really going on in the play, as well as what qualities lie behind their presentation. According to Stanton 1988: 712 character is the individual appears in a story, mixture of interest, desires, emotiuons, and moral principles that make one individual different from other. Then, a character has a complex personality that is influenced by the environment or society where he lives. The motivation owned by a character to do the action is started from the society’s demand. In order to be apart of the society, the character has to adapt to the environment whether he likes it or not Langland, 1984: 12. Meanwhile, De Laar 1963: 20 stated that the interaction with the environment such as nature and society’s moral values influences the character’s idea and their moral values. The norms and moral values in society can make a change on the character’s idea on life. Besides, Holman and Harmon stated 1986:81, there are three methods of characterization in fiction. The first method is the explicit presentation. In this method, the author tells the readers about the character through direct exposition or analysis, which informs how the character is. The second method is the presentation of the character in action. In this representation, the author only uses a little or no explicit comment, in the expectation that the readers are able to conclude about the attributes of the actor from the action. The last method is the representation from within a character, without comment on the character by the author. In this method, the author suggests that the reader will come to a clear understanding of the attributes of the character clearly through the impact of actions and emotions on the character’s inner self. Meanwhile, Beaty and Hunter stated that character is particular trait of a person that makes him or her distinctive. Character is individuals portrayed in literature are often referred 1989:231. Beaty and Hunter also stated that characterization is the way that the author describes the character and the process of defining them. In addition, characterization is describing the way characters look their physical appearance and their clothing, bearing, make up, and so on; the way they speak, the way they think, the way they do and what other people say about them 1989:23.

2. Theory of Character Development

E.M Foster 1974:54 states that character development is the changing of the character from the beginning until the end of the story. A character is a developed if she or he experiences a change are some disposition, personality, or outlook. He is not the same person as he was at the beginning of the story. He changes into a new character. The changing depends on the condition and experiences as it is in the story. According Drs. E Van Laar and Dr. N. Schoonderwoerd 1963:171, character development is an action and incident spring out of character and, having accurred they change it, so that at the end of a novel a character should have changed, have developed, and i.e. should be different from what it was in the beginning of the novel. Meanwhile, Laurence Perrine 1974:71 states that the character in the novel does not change in a sudden way, but changes step by step. The character must begin the change with smaller change should be sufficiently motivated by circumstances. One cannot changes his or her characteristics so suddenly without any reasons, but it must follow sufficiently time and reason of the changes. Perrine also divides the character in two, static and dynamic characters. a. Static Character Such character does not undergo a change and will have the same characteristics from the beginning until the end of the story. This is due to the influence of the event changing or the disorder inter-relationship with other characters. b. Dynamic Character Dynamic character is also called a developing character and is the opposite of the static character. The chaharcter will change in certain conditions and it can be develop into some possibilities. A developing character can undergo a permanent change in some aspects of his or her in some character, personality or outlook. Thye change may be for a large or small one and for better or worse. Furthermore, the dynamicity of the characters cannot be measured from the quantity of the change but from the significant difference of the characters’ behavior in some events. Therefore, a dynamic character is complex, many-sided and requires a deeper analysis than a static character 1974: 71.

3. Theory of Setting

Abrams said that setting in dramatic work is related with general locale, the historical time, and also related with the society or the social circumstances in which place , time, and society the actions occurs. Abrams also stated that setting is related with the meaning or the messages in the story. Abrams gave another explanation that setting is also about social circumstances or environment where the action occurs. It shows that setting is about the social condition where the chatacter exist 1981:192. According to Holman and Harmon 1986:465, there are four elements making up a setting. They are listed under four headings: 1 the actual geographical location, its topography, scenery, and such physical arrengements as the location of the windows and doors in the room, 2 the occupation and daily manner of living of the characters; 3 the time or period in which the action takes place, for example, epoch in history or season of the year; 4 the general environment of the characters, for example, religious, mental, moral, social, and emotional condition through which the people in the narrative move.

B. Theoretical Framework

There are three problems in the previous chapter in order to discuss the impact of New York’s lifestyle on the character of Sheila Levine in Gail Parent’s Sheila Levine is Dead and Living in New York . The first problem questions is about the description of Sheila Levine’s character in the novel. In order to answer the question, it is necessary to apply theory of character and characterization. The next problem is to describe the lifestyle of New York through the setting in the novel. Theory of setting is important to answer the question. The third question is about to analyze how New York ’s lifestyle impact the character of Sheila Levine. For answering the third question, the writer applied the theory of character development.