11 f.
Reactions The author can describe the character’s personality through his
reaction on different situations and moments, so that the readers may know the quality of the character in dealing with the situations and
moments encountered by the character. g.
Direct comment The author can describe the character’s personality explicitly by giving
his opinion and comment about the character. h.
Thought The author lets the readers know the character’s personality by stating
explicitly what is in the character’s mind. The readers are led to the mental process of the character that conveys ideas.
i. Mannerism
The author describes the character’s behavior and also his habits either the positive or the negatives ones. From his habits and behavior the
readers can know the reflection of his personality. In his book Structure, Sound and Sense 1974: 69, Perrine says that
“to be convincing, characterization must also observe three principles.” The principles are:
a. Consistency in behavior
Characters must not behave one way on one occasion and a different way on another unless there is a clearly sufficient reason for the
changes.
12 b.
Motivation Characters should be motivated in whatever they do especially when
there is any change in their behavior. Readers must be able to understand the reasons for what they do if not immediately, or at least
by the end of the story. c.
Plausibility Characters must be plausible or lifelike. They must be relevant to the
readers. Characters must have some traits which are the same as those of human beings in the real world.
2. Theory of Psychological Approach
In his book, An Outline of Psychoanalysis 1949, Sigmund Freud wrote that psychoanalysis makes a basic assumption, the discussion of
which falls within the sphere of philosophical thought, but the justification of which lies in its result. There are two things concerning human psyche
or mental life: firstly, its bodily organ and scene of action, the brain or nervous system, and secondly, human’s acts of consciousness, which are
immediate data and cannot be more fully explained by any kind of description. The most well-known theory of Freud’s is the theory of ego,
superego, and id. Referring to Sigmund Freud’s theory of ego, superego, and id,
Lawrence A. Pervin and Oliver P. John wrote on their book, Personality:
Theory and Research 1997, that ego seeks reality. The ego’s function is
to express and satisfy the desire of the id in accordance with the reality and
13
the demands of the superego. Pervin and John also wrote that superego
represents the moral branch of human’s functioning, containing the ideals that humans strive for and the punishments guilt they expect when they
violated their ethical code. This structure functions to control behavior in accordance with the rules of society, offering rewards pride, self-love for
“good” behavior and punishments guilt, feelings of inferiority, accidents
for “bad” behavior. Contrasting to the superego is the id. The id represents
the source of all drive energy. The energy for a person’s functioning originally resides in the life and death, or sexual and aggressive instincts,
which are part of the id. In its functioning, the id seeks the release of excitation, tension, and energy. It operates according to the pleasure
principle – the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. In operating this way, the id seeks immediate, total release. It has qualities of a spoiled
child: it wants what it wants when it wants it. The id cannot tolerate frustration and is free of inhibitions. It shows no regard for reality and can
seek satisfaction through action or through imagining that it has gotten what it wants; the fantasy of gratification is as good as the actual
gratification. It is without reason, logic, values, morals, or ethics. In sum, the id is demanding, impulsive, blind, irrational, asocial, selfish, and
finally, pleasure-loving.
In Freud’s An Outline of Psychoanalysis 1949, the id contains
everything that is inherited, that is present at birth that is fixed in the constitution. Sigmund Freud added that the power of the id expresses the
14 true purpose of the individual organism’s life. This consists in the
satisfaction of its innate needs. As discussed in http:wiki.answers.com, a Psychological Approach is
a theory created by a psychologist. This theory is applied to different aspects of Psychology; the approach basically provides an explanation of a
specific topic from a certain point of view; and one of the most important figures in Psychology is Sigmund Freud.
In http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiPsychology, it is clearly stated that from the 1890s until his death in 1939, the Austrian physician Sigmund Freud
developed a method of psychotherapy known as psychoanalysis. Freuds understanding of the mind was largely based on interpretive methods,
introspection and clinical observations, and was focused in particular on resolving unconscious conflict, mental distress and psychopathology.
Freuds theories became very well-known, largely because they tackled subjects such as sexuality, repression, and the unconscious mind as general
aspects of psychological development.
3. Theory of Love
According to Sternberg Van Wagner, ___, relationships built on two or more elements are more enduring that those based upon a single
component. Sternberg uses the term consummate love to describe a
combination of intimacy, passion, and commitment. While this type of love is the strongest and most enduring, Sternberg suggests that this type
of love is rare.
15 As written in http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiTriangular_theory_of_love,
psychologist Robert Sternberg described love in ‘triangular theory of love’, the theory which characterizes love within the context of
interpersonal relationships by three different components, namely;
intimacy , passion, and commitment. Intimacy encompasses feelings of
closeness, connectedness, and bonded ness. Passion encompasses drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation.
Commitment encompasses, in the short term, the decision to remain with another, and in the long term, the shared achievements and plans made
with that other. Different combinations of these three components result in different types of love. For example, a combination of intimacy and
commitment results in compassionate love, while a combination of passion and intimacy leads to passionate love.
In http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiTriangular_theory_of_love, it is also stated that the size of the triangle functions to represent the amount of
love - the bigger the triangle the greater the love. The shape of the triangle functions to represent the type of love, which may vary over the course
of the relationship:
a.
Nonlove
is the absence of all three of Sternbergs components of love.
b.
Likingfriendship
in this case is not used in a trivial sense. Sternberg says that this intimate liking characterizes true friendships, in which a
person feels a bonded ness, warmth, and closeness with another but not intense passion or long-term commitment.
16
c.
Infatuated love is pure passion. Romantic relationships often start out
as infatuated love and become romantic love as intimacy develops over time. However, without developing intimacy or commitment,
infatuated love may disappear suddenly.
d.
Empty love is characterized by commitment without intimacy or
passion. Sometimes, a stronger love deteriorates into empty love. In cultures in which arranged marriages are common, relationships often
begin as empty love and develop into one of the other forms with the passing of time.
e.
Romantic love bonds individuals emotionally through intimacy and
physically through passionate arousal.
f.
Companionate love is an intimate, non-passionate type of love that is
stronger than friendship because of the element of long-term commitment. Sexual desire is not an element of companionate love.
This type of love is often found in marriages in which the passion has gone out of the relationship but a deep affection and commitment
remain. The love ideally shared between family members is a form of companionate love, as is the love between close friends who have a
platonic but strong friendship.
g.
Fatuous love
can be exemplified by a whirlwind courtship and marriage in which a commitment is motivated largely by passion
without the stabilizing influence of intimacy. A relationship, however, whereby an individual party agrees to sexual favors purely out of
