The meaning of love as experienced by Queen Attolia, the main character of Megan's the Queen of Attolia.

vii ABSTRACT

Satiti, Thekla R R. (2013)The Meaning of Love as Experienced by Queen Attolia, The Main Character of Megan’s The Queen of Attolia. Yogyakarta: English Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.

This studydeals withThe Queen of Attolia, a novel written by Megan Whalen Turner. This novel tells about the love story of a queen named Attolia and a thief.Queen Attolia hangs people planning to betray and attack her. The queen does these things because she has a bad experience in her life before:she finds out that her former fiancé and father-in-law plan to deposethe King’s power, Queen Attolia’s father. Then, she gets the information that her father die, and she takes revenge on her fiancé by poisoning him, until he die. Since then,she never believes inanyone any more. She will do cruel things to everyonethat is planning to betray her.In the meantime, there isa thief named Eugenides who tries to steal something precious from Queen Attolia’s palace. The Queen arrests him. She almost hangs him on the wallwhere she usually hangs her prisoners, but she changes her mind and cutsoff his right hand instead. As time passed by, the Queen happens to fall in love with the thief.

The aim of the study is to find out the meaning of love as experienced by Queen Attolia. There are two questions to be answered in this study. The first question is “How is queen Attolia described in the novel?” The second one is “What is the meaning ofQueenAttolia’s love?”.

The theories used are theory of character and characterization, theory of personality, theory of love, theory of katresnanismand theory of motivation. The approach used is psychological approach. The primary data of this study is the novel itself, The Queen of Attolia, while the secondary ones are:literary books, psychology books, related books, and the internet.

Having analyzed the novel, it can be concluded that Queen Attolia isdescribed as cruel, smart, attentive, calm, beautiful, jealous, cautious, avengeful and confident. Secondly,QueenAttolia’s love istriggered by her feelingsof pity for Eugenides. This means thather love is to redeem and pay for her feeling guilty forcutting offEugenides’right hand.

It is recommended that future researchers explore and analyze more about love, which is experienced by the thief, Eugenides. It is also suggested that the novelbe used as the material to teach ProseII in English Department Study Program of Sanata Dharma University.

viii

ABSTRAK

Satiti, Thekla R R. (2013)The Meaning of Love as Experienced by Queen Attolia, The Main Character of Megan’s The Queen of Attolia. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Studi ini berkaitan dengan novel The Queen of Attolia yang ditulis oleh Megan Whalen Turner. Novel ini menceritakan tentang cinta seorang ratu yang kejam, Attolia dan seorang pencuri. Ratu menggantung orang yang berencana akan mengkhianati dan menyerang dia. Dia melakukan ini karena pengalaman buruknya di masa lalu: dia megetahui mantan tunangan dan mertua nya berencana melengserkan kedudukan sang Raja, ayah ratu Attolia. Kemudian, dia mengetahui kabar bahwa ayahnya telah meninggal, dia membalas dendam dengan meracuni tunangannya. Sejak itu, sang ratu tidak pernah memepercayai siapapun. Dia melakukan kekejaman kepada siapapun yang berencana mengkhianati dia.Seorang pencuri yang bernama Eugenidesmencuri barang berharga dari istana Queen Attolia.Namun, sang ratu menangkapnya. Sang ratu hampir menggantungnya di tembok dimana sang ratu biasa menggantung tawanannya, namun sang ratu berubah pikiran dan memotong tangan kanan pencuri itu.Berjalannya waktu, sang ratu akhirnya jatuh cinta dengan pencuri itu, Eugenides.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui arti sebuah cinta yang dialami oleh Queen Attolia. Ada dua pertanyaan untuk dijawab dalamstudi ini, yang pertama adalah “Bagaimana ratu Attolia digambarkan dalam novel tersebut?” Pertanyaan yang kedua adalah “Apakah arti dari cinta seorang ratu Attolia?”.

Teori yang digunakan adalah teori karakter, metode perwatakan, teori kepribadian, teori katresnanism dan teori motivasi. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan psikologi. Sumber utama yang digunakan adalah novel itu sendiri, The Queen of Attolia.Selain itu, sumber yang kedua adalah buku-buku literatur, buku-buku psikologi, buku-buku yang terkait, dan dari internet.

Setelah menganalisa, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ratu Attolia dideskripsikanbahwa dia kejam, perhatian, tenang, cantik, pencemburu, berhati-hati, pendendam dan percaya diri.Kedua adalah arti cinta seorang ratu Attolia yaitu cinta yang disebabkan oleh perasaan kasihan kepada Eugenides. Ini juga diartikan bahwa cinta ratu Attolia bermakna cinta yang terjadi karena ingin menebus perasaan bersalahnya karena telah memotong tangan kanan pencuri itu. Penulis dapatmenganalisa dan membahas lebih lanjut tentang cinta yang dialami oleh pencuri tersebut, Eugenides. Disarankan bahwa novel dapat digunakansebagai materi untuk mengajar Prose II jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inngris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

THE MEANING OF LOVE AS EXPERIENCED,

BY QUEEN ATTOLIA, THE MAIN CHARACTER

OF MEGAN’S

THE QUEEN OF ATTOLIA

ASARJANA PENDIDIKANTHESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain theSarjana PendidikanDegree

in English Language Education

By

Thekla Ragam Reko Satiti Student Number: 071214044

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

i

THE MEANING OF LOVE AS EXPERIENCED,

BY QUEEN ATTOLIA, THE MAIN CHARACTER

OF MEGAN’S

THE QUEEN OF ATTOLIA

ASARJANA PENDIDIKANTHESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain theSarjana PendidikanDegree

in English Language Education

By

Thekla Ragam Reko Satiti Student Number: 071214044

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

ii

ASarjana PendidikanThesis

THE MEANING OF LOVE AS EXPERIENCED BY QUEEN

ATTOLIA, THE MAIN CHARACTER OF MEGAN’S

THE

QUEEN OF ATTOLIA

By

Thekla Ragam Reko Satiti Student Number: 071214044

Approved by

Sponsor

iii

ASarjana PendidikanThesis on

THE MEANING OF LOVE AS EXPERIENCED BY QUEEN

ATTOLIA, THE MAIN CHARACTER OF MEGAN’S

THE

QUEEN OF ATTOLIA

By

THEKLA RAGAM REKO SATITI Student Number: 071214044

Defended before the Board of Examiners on 10 December 2013

and Declared Acceptable

Board of Examiners

Chairperson : C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd. _____________ Secretary : Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D. _____________ Member : Drs. Ant. Herujiyanto, M.A., Ph.D. _____________ Member : Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum. _____________ Member : Drs. Bambang Hendarto, M.Hum. _____________

Yogyakarta, 10 December 2013

Faculty of Teachers Training and Education Sanata Dharma University

Dean,

iv

v

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the works or part of the works of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, 10 December 2013 The Writer

Thekla Ragam Reko Satiti 071214044

vi

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Sanata Dharma:

Nama : Thekla Ragam Reko Satiti

Nomor Mahasiswa : 071214044

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

THE MEANING OF LOVE AS EXPERIENCED BY QUEEN ATTOLIA, THE MAIN CHARACTER OF MEGAN’STHE QUEEN OF ATTOLIA

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal: 10 Desember 2013

Yang menyatakan

vii ABSTRACT

Satiti, Thekla R R. (2013)The Meaning of Love as Experienced by Queen Attolia, The Main Character of Megan’s The Queen of Attolia. _{Yogyakarta: English} Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.

This study deals with The Queen of Attolia, a novel written by Megan Whalen Turner. This novel tells about the love story of a queen named Attolia and a thief. Queen Attolia hangs people planning to betray and attack her. The queen does these things because she has a bad experience in her life before: she finds out that her former fiancé and father-in-law plan to depose the King’s power, Queen Attolia’s father. Then, she gets the information that her father die, and she takes revenge on her fiancé by poisoning him, until he die. Since then, she never believes in anyone any more. She will do cruel things to everyone that is planning to betray her. In the meantime, there is a thief named Eugenides who tries to steal something precious from Queen Attolia’s palace. The Queen arrests him. She almost hangs him on the wall where she usually hangs her prisoners, but she changes her mind and cuts off his right hand instead. As time passed by, the Queen happens to fall in love with the thief.

The aim of the study is to find out the meaning of love as experienced by Queen Attolia. There are two questions to be answered in this study. The first question is “How is queen Attolia described in the novel?” The second one is “What is the meaning of Queen Attolia’s love?”.

The theories used are theory of character and characterization, theory of personality, theory of love, theory of katresnanismand theory of motivation. The approach used is psychological approach. The primary data of this study is the novel itself, The Queen of Attolia, while the secondary ones are: literary books, psychology books, related books, and the internet.

Having analyzed the novel, it can be concluded that Queen Attolia is described as cruel, smart, attentive, calm, beautiful, jealous, cautious, avengeful and confident. Secondly, Queen Attolia’s love is triggered by her feelings of pity for Eugenides. This means that her love is to redeem and pay for her feeling guilty for cutting off Eugenides’ right hand.

It is recommended that future researchers explore and analyze more about love, which is experienced by the thief, Eugenides. It is also suggested that the novel be used as the material to teach Prose II in English Department Study Program of Sanata Dharma University.

viii ABSTRAK

Satiti, Thekla R R. (2013)The Meaning of Love as Experienced by Queen Attolia, The Main Character of Megan’s The Queen of Attolia. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Studi ini berkaitan dengan novel The Queen of Attolia yang ditulis oleh Megan Whalen Turner. Novel ini menceritakan tentang cinta seorang ratu yang kejam, Attolia dan seorang pencuri. Ratu menggantung orang yang berencana akan mengkhianati dan menyerang dia. Dia melakukan ini karena pengalaman buruknya di masa lalu: dia megetahui mantan tunangan dan mertua nya berencana melengserkan kedudukan sang Raja, ayah ratu Attolia. Kemudian, dia mengetahui kabar bahwa ayahnya telah meninggal, dia membalas dendam dengan meracuni tunangannya. Sejak itu, sang ratu tidak pernah memepercayai siapapun. Dia melakukan kekejaman kepada siapapun yang berencana mengkhianati dia. Seorang pencuri yang bernama Eugenides mencuri barang berharga dari istana Queen Attolia. Namun, sang ratu menangkapnya. Sang ratu hampir menggantungnya di tembok dimana sang ratu biasa menggantung tawanannya, namun sang ratu berubah pikiran dan memotong tangan kanan pencuri itu. Berjalannya waktu, sang ratu akhirnya jatuh cinta dengan pencuri itu, Eugenides.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui arti sebuah cinta yang dialami oleh Queen Attolia. Ada dua pertanyaan untuk dijawab dalam studi ini, yang pertama adalah “Bagaimana ratu Attolia digambarkan dalam novel tersebut?” Pertanyaan yang kedua adalah “Apakah arti dari cinta seorang ratu Attolia?”.

Teori yang digunakan adalah teori karakter, metode perwatakan, teori kepribadian, teori katresnanism dan teori motivasi. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan psikologi. Sumber utama yang digunakan adalah novel itu sendiri, The Queen of Attolia. Selain itu, sumber yang kedua adalah buku-buku literatur, buku-buku psikologi, buku-buku yang terkait, dan dari internet.

Setelah menganalisa, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ratu Attolia dideskripsikan bahwa dia kejam, perhatian, tenang, cantik, pencemburu, berhati-hati, pendendam dan percaya diri. Kedua adalah arti cinta seorang ratu Attolia yaitu cinta yang disebabkan oleh perasaan kasihan kepada Eugenides. Ini juga diartikan bahwa cinta ratu Attolia bermakna cinta yang terjadi karena ingin menebus perasaan bersalahnya karena telah memotong tangan kanan pencuri itu. Penulis dapat menganalisa dan membahas lebih lanjut tentang cinta yang dialami oleh pencuri tersebut, Eugenides. Disarankan bahwa novel dapat digunakan sebagai materi untuk mengajar Prose II jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inngris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, I would like to say that this is a great relief for my family and I that I have finally finished this thesis. Therefore, my deepest gratitude goes to Jesus Christ and His Mother for their real love, guidance and blessing that always come to my life, especially in the hard times in finishing this thesis.

Grateful thanks go to Drs. Antonius Herujiyanto, M.A., Ph.D. my sponsor who has given much time and patience to help me finish my thesis. I really thank him for his support, motivation and energy in giving me feedback through the process of writing this thesis.

My sincere love goes to my beloved parents Stephanus Subijono and Martha Sri Utari for their love, prayers, patience, and motivation so that I could face all of those troubles in finishing my thesis. I also send my love to my sisters Kian and Nian, brothers Ikrar and Ajie, brothers-in-law Lidi and Santoso, sister-in-law Agnes, niece and nephew Koleta, Alodia, and Pandya for supporting and giving me motivation in many ways.

I would also like to give my deepest gratitude to Wiwit Hendra Asmara S.Pd., Krisna Septa Bernanda S.Pd., Adesti Komalasari S.Pd., and Sister Margareth as my language consultants who were willing to proofread this thesis.

I address my deepest thanks to all my friends: Khares, Indah, Ika, Martha, Yulita, Niko, and Bretyan for being my kind companions in struggling to finish this thesis; Gloria, Ajeng, Retha, Oren, Yani, Ephin, Erna, Popon, Asti, Raras, Dei, Lala, Clara, Kania, Uchi, Mahisa, Mas Dika (lambe), Ketchup, Ardo,

x

Sasongko, Dwi, Bang Gondrong and all of PBI students whom I could not mention one by one, thank you for being nice friends through the wonderful time of studying in PBI; dek Vero, dek Ayu, Mita, Eka, Niea, Niar for being my loyal friends by coloring my life; Kost Yadara 516, Ijog, I’is, Moniq, Ucil, Widha, Sasa, Ika, Friska, Tika, Titin, Pika, Tina, Ima, Vanya, Rani, Dela, Olin, Indah, and Ditya for being my roomates who make my day.

I also would like to address my thanks to my beloved coworkers in PKBM Angon; Istoto, Yulia, Valen, Emi, Nana, Nugroho, Hana, Witri, Ping, Angga ‘06, Cahya, Haya, I’ik, Liliana, Mega, Vena, Vivin, Theo, Ginong, and Rini ‘06 for being there to share happiness, sadness, knowledge, teaching experience, and love with me. Next, I address my thanks to Phillipe De Kezel for giving me more motivation and jokes to make me alive.

Last but not least, I would like to say thanks to those whose names I could not mention one by one for their support and help. May the Lord always be with all of us.

xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL PAGES ... ii

DEDICATION PAGE... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORGINALITY ... v

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI... vi

ABSTRACT... vii

ABSTRAK... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS... xi

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xiv

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Objective of the Study ... 3

1.3 Problem Formulation... 4

1.4 Benefits of the Study ... 4

1.5 Definition of Terms ... 4

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES ... 7

2.1 Review of Related Theories ... 7

xii

2.1.2 Methods of Characterization... 8

2.1.3 Theory of Personality... 10

2.1.4 Psychological Approach ... 11

2.1.5 Theory of Love ... 15

2.1.6 Theory of Motivation... 17

2.1.7 Theory ofKatresnanism... 20

2.2 Theoretical Framework ... 22

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY ... 23

3.1 Object of the Study... 23

3.2 Approach of the Study... 24

3.3 Method of the Study ... 24

CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS ... 26

4.1 The Characterics of Attolia ... 26

4.1.1 Cruel... 27

4.1.2 Smart... 33

4.1.3 Attentive... 37

4.1.4 Calm... 39

4.1.5 Beautiful... 40

xiii

4.1.8 Cautious ... 44

4.1.10 Avengeful... 45

4.1.11 Confident ... 46

4.2 The meaning of Queen Attolia’s love ... 47

4.2.1 Surface meaning of Queen Attolia’s love... 48

4.2.2 Deeper meaning of Queen Attolia’s love ... 50

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS... 55

5.1 Conclusions ... 55

5.2 Implications ... 56

5.3 Suggestions... 57

REFERENCES... 58

xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 : Summary ofThe Queen of Attolia... 61

Appendix 2 : The Biography of Megan Whalen Turner ... 63

Appendix 3 : Sylabus of Prose II ... 65

Appendix 4 : Lesson Plan ... 67

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of five sections: The first is Background of the Study which elaborates some reasons for choosing the topic discussed in this study. The second is Objective of the Study which explicitly states the aim of this study. The third is Problem Formulations which consists of two questions, describes the problems that will be analyzed. The fourth is Benefits of the Study which is dealing with the advantages and benefits of this study. The fifth is Definition of Terms which deals with the meaning of certain words or expressions used in this study.

1.1 Background of the Study

There are many ways to express one’s thoughts and feelings. Literary works are the examples of one’s expression, such as seen by poems, novels and plays. According to Lombardi (2010), “Literature represents a language or people’s culture and tradition. It introduces us to new worlds of experience.” By reading literary work, people can get the author’s ideas and thoughts. Therefore, by analyzing the intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of the literary work, the reader can understand the work deeper. Literature is interesting for learners in learning language because learners could learn about other cultures, easily express their creativity and also enrich their vocabulary.

In this study, the writer chooses a novel, entitled The Queen of Attolia by

Megan Whalen Turner. This novel enables the writer to imagine the story well while reading it because the author wrote the novel in detail. Shepard says that a novel is considered to be good on having best stories should be a strong theme, a fascinating plot, a fitting structure, unforgettable characters, a well-chosen setting, and an appealing style.

There are three interesting things about the novel, The Queen of Attolia.

First, through this novel the author can drive the readers to think that Queen Attolia is so cruel. Second, this novel can make the readers wonder why the thief, Eugenides has to steal a man, a queen, and peace. Third, it also brings them into the author’s imagination in how Eugenides faces a wild world and in how Queen Attolia lives a complicated life, and she falls in love with the thief, Eugenides.

According to Murphy (1972), “Novel is the ideal practised and read form of literature in the world today.”(p.127). Murphy has 15 varieties of novel; The

Early Novel, Adventure, Horor and The Macabre, Crime and Detection, Mystery,

Spy and Espionage, Historical, Humorous, War, Western, Satirical, Romance,

Saga, Science Fiction, andAnimal. In this novel, the writer can find two varieties

of the novel: adventure and romance.

First, Adventure: some central characters usually go through all sorts of unusual and dangerous adventures, they are usually in search of hidden wealth. While involving in some hazardous mission, they are caught up in some mysterious plots (p.128). The thief of Eddis, Eugenides, he faces the wild world

as a part of his adventure in stealing. He has hidden but he is caught. Then he has to face a ruthless life which is the Queen of Attolia cuts off his right arm.

Second, Romance: This type of novel is principally about the course of the love between a man and a woman, and usually it can unite two lovers. (p.131). Romance is the topic that the writer chose because it is the most varied that can be found in the story of the novel The Queen of Attolia, which is the love between

the thief, Eugenides and Queen Attolia. Love which could make Queen Attolia realize how cruel she is.

This study aims to find out the meaning of Queen Attolia’s love, the main character in the novel. According to Duvall (1966), “Love does not simply spring forth some moonlight night without warning” (p. 47). Love speaks with many accents, so different as to be foreign one to another and also appears in many ways, which is something that can happen between two people who are in love. Duval (1966) states that “Love is a language that expresses everything from poetry to profanity.” (p.25).The objective of the study is to find the meaning of love as experienced by Queen Attolia, the main character of Megan’s The Queen

of Attolia.

1.2 Objective of the Study

The objective of the study is to find the meaning of love as experienced by Queen Attolia, the main character of Megan’sThe Queen of Attolia.

1.3 Problem Formulation

Based on the background, two problems can be formulated as follows: 1. How is Queen Attolia described in the novel?

2. What is the meaning of Queen Attolia’s love?

1.4 Benefits of the Study

The writer expects that this thesis will become one of the information which is beneficial for others in understanding the extrinsic of the novel, especially for the general readers, the students of English Language Education Study Program. The writer also hopes that this study can be used as a material for the lecturers of English Language Study Program of literature, to use this novel The Queen of Attolia to teach Book Reports, Reading, Prose, Paragraph Writing,

and Introduction to Literature. Moreover, the writer hopes that this study can help people who are interested in literature.

1.5 Definition of Terms

The following part is the meaning of certain words used in the study. The purpose is to avoid misunderstanding, ambiguities, and vagueness in perceiving some important terms in this research.

1.5.1 Love

According to Anapol (2011) “Love is bigger than you are. You can invite love, but you cannot dictate how, when, and where love expresses itself. You can even find yourself loving people you do not like at all”.

Love happens between a queen and a thief. Especially, the writer wants to tell about the Queen’s love, how the queen of Attolia could love the thief though she really hates him and Eugenides’ queen. She even cuts the thief’s right hand. It is said in the novel that Queen Attolia loves him and accepts his proposal to marry him.

1.5.1 Tradition

According to Shils (1981), tradition means something that is inherited from the past to the present. If something lasts only for a short time then it cannot be called a tradition. However, if it can last for three generations then it can be called a tradition (pp. 12-15). In this study, the writer utilizes this definition to tell the readers that in Eddis there is a tradition, thieves.

1.5.3 Motivation

According to Weber and Morris (1990), motivation means an inner directing force – a need or want – that arouses the organism and directs toward a goal (p.408). Furthermore, White et al. (1975) say that motivation refers to the reason which causes the character to act as he does (p.734). In this study, the

writer utilizes definition of motivation to tell the readers that there are some reasons and desires behind Queen Attolia’s action in loving the thief, Eugenides.

1.5.4Katresnanism

Herujiyanto said that the idea of this theory is ‘giving is receiving’. Positive thinking becomes the central of theory of katresnanism. When a lover has

a positive thinking along her/his relationship, it will guarantee such a long lasting relationship. Positive thinking can be a tool to build such a divine love that means yours and mine are one. In this study, the writer utilizes definition of katresnanism to tell the readers that Queen Attolia can feel think positively of

7 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter deals with theories and approaches as well as contexts of the primary data. This chapter consists of two sections. The first section provides a review of related theories which are going to be used. The second section of this chapter provides the theoritical framework which explains the steps in conducting this research.

2.1 Review of Related Theories

This section deals with theories, which comprise the fundamentals of the analysis of this study. They are theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of personality, psychological approach, theory of motivation and theory of love. According to Young (1945), a theory is an abstract and general statement of fundamental principles designed to explain particular events or facts which we know concretely (p. 276).

2.1.1 Theory of Character

Character is one of the most important elements in a work of literature to see the main character in The Queen of Attolia deeper. It will help the readers to know the character. Stanton (1965) notes that character is one of the most important elements in the literary works. Character is a person who does the

action in a story (p. 17). According to Abrams (1981), a character is “an individual who exists in a dramatic or narrative work and he/she has moral dispositional qualities that can be seen from his/her dialogue and action. Dialogue and action have important roles in understanding the characters” (p. 21). There are two kinds of character in the fictional story according to Milligan (1983). They are called major character and minor character.

A major character is the most important character in a literary work. He plays a very important role because everything he does becomes the content of the story. A major character becomes the centre of the story because he endures problems, conflict, happiness, sorrow, etc. Through his actions, the reader knows the author’s message of the story. The minor characters are the characters that plays less important role than the major characters. Their appearances support the main character to develop the story so that they appear only in a certain setting. They do not endure the problem of the story (p. 155). In this study, the writer focuses on Queen Attolia’s characterizations, Queen Attolia whom the writer wants to know about her process of falling in love with the thief, Eugenides.

2.1.2 Methods of Characterization

Rohrberger and Woods (1971) state that characterization is an author’s creative process in creating a character. This process consists of describing the character’s physical appearance, style, manner, thought, action and other’s opinion about him or her (p. 231). According to Murphy (1972), there are nine

ways of the author to make his or her characters understandable, which are as follows:

First is personal description. It means that the author can describe the person’s appearance and clothes in the story. The author describes what the characters are like and tells the reader the details of the characters’ appearance; body/build, the face, skin colours, eyes, hair and clothing.

Second is character seen by the other characters. It means that the author can describe a character through the eyes and opinions of other people in the story. The reader gets as it were, a reflected image. In other words, the author describes a character in the story by letting other people in the story make opinions about the character him or herself.

Third is speech. It means that the author can give the reader an insight into the character of one person in the story through what the person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in the conversation with the others, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving his readers a clue to his character.

Fourth is past life. It means that the author lets the reader learn something about a person’s past life, the author can give the readers a clue to events that have helped to shape the person’s characters. This way can be seen through the direct comment from the author, person’s thought, conversation or the medium of another person.

Fifth is conversation of other characters. It means that the author can give the readers’ clue to a person’s characters through the conversation of other people

and the things they say about the character itself. The clues that the readers have, comes from the characters’ conversation.

Sixth is reaction. It means that the author can give the readers a clue about the person’s characters by letting the readers know how that person reacts to the various situations and events. Therefore, through this reaction, the readers can understand the mental and moral qualities of the person in the story.

Seventh is direct comment of the author. It means that the author can describe or comment on a person’s character in the story directly. In this way, the reader will understand more easily what kind of people are in the story.

Eight is thoughts. It means that the author can give the readers direct knowledge of what a person in the story is thinking about. Here, the author is able to do what the author his or herself cannot do in the real life. The author also can tell the readers what different people are thinking.

Ninth is mannerism. It means that the author can describe a person’s mannerisms, habits, or idiosyncrasies, which may also tell us something about his character (p. 160-173).

2.1.3 Theory of Personality

Hurlock (1974) says that human life consists of two aspects, namely individual and social aspects. The individual aspect concerns with the physical changes and individual’s personality development. Individual’s personality development, which is usually influenced by two factors; individual’s early

experience within his family and the important events that happened outside the home or the social aspect (pp. 19-20).

Allport (1970), in Pattern and Growth in Personality, says that “cultural ways, social situation, and individual’s role within social systems plays role in individual’s development personality” (pp. 194-195). He explains that a child usually requires cultural ways. He grows to accept the roles, which appropriate to his status within the family, but later, he finds himself playing many assigned roles within many social systems. His behaviour is modified within limits by every social situation he encounters.

In Personality Theory and Research,Pervin and John (1997) say that there are some environmental determinants that influence individual’s personality, such as culture, social class, family, and peers. They also mention three ways in which parents influence their children’s behaviour. They present situations that elicit certain behaviour in children like frustration leads to aggression. Second is, that parents serve as role models for identification. Third, is that parents selectively reward behaviour (pp. 11-14).

2.1.4 Psychological Approach

An approach will guide us to understand the nature, function and the possible value of literary work. According to Rohrberger and Woods, there are five critical approaches which can be implemented in analyzing a literary work. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach. Psychological

approach applies psychology to explain human motivation, personality and behavior pattern written in literary objects in analyzing the literary works (pp. 13-17). In this study, the psychological approach is chosen to help the writer analyzing Queen Attolia’s personality development and motivation in loving Eugenides.

According to Lester Crow and Alice Crow, psychology is often said as the study of human behavior and the progress of man’s self development. Human behavior and development are influenced by the environment and the potential that man have. That is why psychology can be said as the study of personality. (pp. 228-231)

According to Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality that is written by Cherry, personality is composed of three elements. These three elements of personality, known as the id, the ego and the superego, work together to create complex human behaviours.

2.1.4.1 The Id

The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes of the instinctive and primitive behaviours. According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component of personality. The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state of anxiety or tension.

However, immediately satisfying these needs is not always realistic or even possible. If we were ruled entirely by the pleasure principle, we might find ourselves grabbing things we want out of other people's hands to satisfy our own cravings. This sort of behaviour would be both disruptive and socially unacceptable. According to Freud, the id tries to resolve the tension created by the pleasure principle through the primary process, which involves forming a mental image of the desired object as a way of satisfying the need.

2.1.4.2 The Ego

The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality. According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. The ego functions in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind. The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id’s desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. The reality principle weighs the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses.

In many cases, the id’s impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed gratification, the ego will eventually allow the behaviour, but only in the appropriate time and place. The ego also discharges tension created by unmet impulses through the secondary process, in which the ego tries to find an object in the real world that matches the mental image created by the id’s primary process.

2.1.4.3 The Superego

The last component of personality to develop is the superego. The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society—our sense of right and wrong. The superego provides guidelines for making judgments. The superego acts to perfect and civilize our behaviour. It works to suppress all unacceptable urges of the id and struggles to make the ego act upon idealistic standards rather that upon realistic principles. The superego is present in the conscious, preconscious and unconscious. According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age five. There are two parts of the superego:

1) The Ego Ideal

The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for good behaviours. These behaviours include those, which are approved of by parental and other authority figures. Obeying these rules leads to feelings of pride, value and accomplishment.

2) The Conscience

The conscience includes information about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society. These behaviours are often forbidden and lead to bad consequences, punishments or feelings of guilt and remorse.

3) The Interaction of the Id, Ego and Superego

With so many competing forces, it is easy to see how conflict might arise between the id, ego and superego. Freud used the term ego strength to refer to the ego's ability to function despite these duelling forces. A person with good ego strength is able to effectively manage these pressures, while those with too much

or too little ego strength can become too unyielding or too disrupting. According to Freud, the key to a healthy personality is a balance between the id, the ego, and the superego.

2.1.5 Theory of Love

Elkrief (2013) says that love is complete acceptance: When someone comes to us and we allow him without any belief that they aren’t good enough, without any belief that they would be “better” if they were different, this is love.

In Popova’s collection of Famous Definitions from 200 Years of Literary History, she found in Stendhal’s fantastic (1822), which he notes that love is like a fever which comes and goes quite independently of the will. There are no age limits for love.

Sternberg (1986) comes up with a Triangular Theory of Love. The underlying idea of this theory is that love can be dissected into three main parts: intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment (pp. 119-135).

2.1.5.1 Intimacy

This encompasses feelings of closeness, connectedness, and boundaries. With passion, there is the initial infatuation, the strong emotions, and the attraction. It involves a high level of trust between two individuals

2.1.5.2 Passion

This encompasses drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation. With intimacy, the lovers become closer, inter-dependant, and psychologically their self-concepts begin to overlap.

2.1.5.3 Commitment

This encompasses, in the short term, the decision to remain with another, and in the long term, the shared achievements and plans made with that other. Commitment is the most volitional of the three, the decision to take steps to maintain the love and the relationship.

The table of combination of intimacy, passion, and commitment from Stenberg will help the writer to analyze the problem formulations easily.

Table I. Types of love

combinations of intimacy, passion, and commitment Liking or Friendship

Intimacy Passion Commitment



Infatuation _

Empty love 

Romantic love _{ }

Companionate love _{ }

Fatuous love _{ }

Consummate love _{  }

The types of love can be simplified by using this table. Different stages and types of love are explained, as follows:

1) Liking or Friendship:It is intimacy, in which a person feels a bond, warmth, and a closeness with another but not passion or long-term commitment. 2) Infatuated Love:It is passion.

3) Empty Love:It is commitment without intimacy or passion.

4) Romantic Love: It bonds individuals emotionally through intimacy and physically through passionate arousal, but neither is sustained without commitment.

5) Companionate Love: It is intimacy and commitment. It is non-passionate type of love that is stronger than friendship because of the element of long-term commitment. The love ideally shared between family members is a form of companionate love, as is the love between close friends who have a platonic but strong friendship.

6) Fatuous Love: It is commitment and passion, its commitment is motivated largely by passion without the stabilizing influence of intimacy.

7) Consummate Love: It is passion, intimacy, and commitment, which is the complete form of love. Consummate love is theorized to be that love associated with the “perfect couple”. (Stenberg 1987; p. 341).

2.1.6 Theory of Motivation

The basis of Maslow’s motivation theory (1954) is that “human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower factors need to be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied. According to Maslow, there are general types of needs (physiological, survival, safety, love, and esteem) that must be satisfied before a person can act unselfishly. He called these needs “deficiency needs”. As long as we are motivated to satisfy these cravings, we are moving towards growth, toward self-actualization. Satisfying needs is healthy, while preventing gratification makes us sick or act evilly”. (pp. 80-122)

As a result, for adequate workplace motivation, it is important that leadership understands the active needs active for individual employee motivation. In this manner, Maslow’s model indicates that fundamental,

lower-order needs like safety and physiological requirements have to be satisfied in order to pursue higher-level motivators along the lines of self-fulfilment. As depicted in the following hierarchical diagram, sometimes called “Maslow’s Needs Pyramid” or “Maslow’s Needs Triangle”, after a need is satisfied it stops acting as a motivator and the next need one rank higher starts to motivate.

(pp. 123-154)

2.1.6.1 Self-actualization

Self-actualization is the summit of Maslow’s motivation theory. It is about the quest of reaching one’s full potential as a person. Unlike lower level needs, this need is never fully satisfied; as one grows psychologically there are always new opportunities to continue to grow. Self-actualized people tend to have motivators such as truth, justice, wisdom, and meaning. Self-actualized persons have frequent occurrences of peak experiences, which are energized moments of profound happiness and harmony. According to Maslow, only a small percentage of the population reaches the level of self-actualization.

Physiological Needs Safety Needs

Social Needs Esteem Needs Self-Actualization

2.1.6.2 Esteem Needs

After a person feels that he “belongs”, the urge to attain a degree of importance emerges. Esteem needs can be categorized as external motivators and internal motivators. Internally motivating esteem needs are those such as self-esteem, accomplishment, and self-respect. External esteem needs are those such as reputation and recognition. Some examples of esteem needs are recognition (external motivator), attention (external motivator), social status (external motivator), accomplishment (internal motivator), self-respect (internal motivator), and success. Maslow later improved his model to add a layer in between self-actualization and esteem needs: the need for aesthetics and knowledge.

2.1.6.3 Social Needs

Once a person has met the lower level physiological and safety needs, higher level motivators awaken. The first level of higher level needs is social needs. Social needs are those related to interaction with others and may include friendship, acceptance, affection, belonging to a group, and giving and receiving love.

2.1.6.4 Safety Needs

They are security, shelter, freedom from fear and anxiety. Once physiological needs are met, one’s attention turns to safety and security in order to be free from the threat of physical and emotional harm. Living in a safe area, medical insurance, job security, and financial reserves might fulfil such needs.

According to the Maslow hierarchy, if a person feels threatened needs further up the pyramid will not receive attention until that need has been resolved.

2.1.6.5 Physiological Needs

Physiological needs are those required to sustain life, such as air, water, food, sex, and sleep. According to this theory, if these fundamental needs are not satisfied then one will surely be motivated to satisfy them. Higher needs such as social needs and esteem are not recognized until one satisfies the needs basic to existence.

2.1.7 Theory ofKatresnanism

According to Herujiyanto (2007), Theory of katresnanism (divine love) is a term which refers to the result of an inductive work functioning as a reminder and invitation (éling-kèlingan) of one’s true self (jati diri) and one’s existence which was granted due to katresnan (divine love) as soon as one was born, which are mostly derived from Javanese philosophy—it is often referred to as philosophical analysis.

The idea of this theory is ‘giving is receiving’.Positive thinking becomes the central of theory ofkatresnanism. When a lover has a positive thinking along her/his relationship, it will guarantee such a long lasting relationship. Positive thinking can be a tool to build such a divine love that means yours and mine are one.

Herujiyanto (2007) explains later about positive thinking that it makes each spouse or couple understand that things such as one’s work (including one’s own work). Katresnanism brings 99 principles but there are 33 which have been discussed. Those principles are the presentation of positive thinking. They are applied to see the over or covert meaning of the literary work that is discussed. Through these principles, the writer will analyze the possible meaning of Queen Attolia’s love.

The Real Truth:Aos Katresnanism

1. andhap asor(being humble) 17.nalar(being logical)

2. andhom slamet(sharing protection) 18.ngugemi(holding commitment) 3. angon mangsa(being versatile) 19.nyamleng(creating enjoyment) 4. atur panuwun(feeling gratitude) 20.nyumangga(promoting after

you)

5. banyu sinaring 21.rukun(promoting harmony) (becoming a purified model)

6. binerkahan(being blessed) 22.samanunggal(being the same boat)

7. cancuttaliwanda(being prepared) 23.sithik idhing(promoting win-win)

8. citra wicitra wicitra(meaningful 24.sumèlèh(being able to accept) covert-covert)

9. duga prayoga(calculated step) 25.tentram(promoting peace) 10.yatna yuwana 26.tulus(being sincere)

11.kasugengan(offering goodluck) 27.tuhu(celebrating faithfulness) 12.kraton ndalem(being spiritual) 28.teposliro(celebrating tolerance) 13.lothong kemayangan(feeling lucky) 29.sumarah(trusting-surrendering) 14.migunani(promoting benefit) 30.mranani(enthralling)

15.mrantasi(being reliable) 31.mbombong-mbimbing

(encouraging) 16.mulat sarira(being considerate) 32.pas(just right)

33.nyedulur-mulur(brotherhood and absolution/forgiveness)

Like action research, theory of katresnanism may be considered as a strategy to help us live positively and in a way that we feel the very enlightening-peaceful way.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

The writer uses the theories which have been explained in the previous part. There are six theories which have been explained, those are the theory of characters, methods of characterization, theory of personality, psychological approach, theory of love, theory of motivation and theory ofkatresnanism.

Firstly, the writer uses the theory of character which helps the writer that Queen Attolia is the main character of Megan. The writer also applies theory of personality and methods of characterization in order to answer the first problem formulation. By knowing Queen Attolia’s personality through using those three theories, it will be easier for the writer to find out how Queen Attolia is described.

Secondly, the writer uses psychological approach to know the meaning of Queen Attolia’s love from her process in having ego, id, and superego. Theory of motivation helps the writer to find out what Queen Attolia’s motivation is in her love experience. Moreover, Theory of love and theory of katresnanism are also useful for analysing the second problem formulations, in which the writer thinks that the conditions which has happened to Queen Attolia and what she has done influences her most.

23 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This chapter consists of three parts. The first is Object of the Study which elaborates the subject of the study. The second is Approach of the Study which conveys the literature approach used in this study. The third is Method of the Study which deals with the source that is used in this study and the processes of conducting study.

3.1 Object of the Study

A novel, The Queen of Attolia is created by Megan Whalen Turner, the author who was born in 1965. She graduated from The University of Chicago with a BA in English Language and Literature with honors in 1987. She worked as a bookseller for seven or eight years before she started writing. Her husband, Mark Turner, is a professor of Cognitive Science at Case Western Reserve University. They have been living in Oslo Norway, for a year, but now they are back in Ohio.

The author, Megan has three novels which are trilogy. The first one isThe Thief which was awarded a Newbery Honor, and its sequels. Second one is The Queen of Attolia and the last is The King of Attolia. Her stories are fiction and nothing in those stories are historically accurate.

Her novel, The Queen of Attolia was published in 2000, April 26th, by Harper Collins Publisher. The novel was printed and bound in the United States of

America. The text is divided into twenty-one chapters and it runs up to 360 pages.

The Queen of Attolia belongs to the genre fiction, not historically accurate. The gods and the goddesses in her book do not belong to the Greek or any other Pantheon, the author made them up. She also created her own imagination for The Mede Empire.

3.2 Approach of the Study

The writer used psychological approach. Psychological approach is used to answer the second formulated question as written in the chapter I. This approach is aimed to help the writer to understand the Queen of Attolias’s personality better. Her process being a cruel person who cannot believe anyone, but she can believe Eugenides and fall in love with him. Through knowing the process, the writer can get the meaning of Queen Attolia’s love.

3.3 Method of the Study

The writer used library research by compiling data from books and internet source in order to complete this study. The sources are divided into two kinds; the primary and the secondary source. The primary source is Megan’s The Queen of Attolia. The secondary sources are literary books, psychological books, related books, and internet.

There are several steps to conduct in this study. The first step was reading the novel. The writer also wrote down the finding which the writer got from the novel, is dealing with the character of Queen Attolia ― the main character in the

story, The Queen of Attolia. The second step was deciding the topic to be discussed. Additionally, the writer concluded the analysis into two problem formulations. The next step after formulating the problems related to the topic and finding the appropriate approach employed in the analysis was finding the secondary sources related to the topic or problems that would be analysed. In this step, the writer found the secondary data from some books and online references as stated above.

The third step was the writer answered or analyzed the problem formulations. It means that the writer tried to answer the problem formulations by using the primary and secondary data. The writer tried to apply the theories and reviews from the secondary data to the story of the primary data. In the analysis, the writer focused on Queen Attolia’s character by observing her speech, action, behaviour, thought, author’s writing and other’s opinion about her. After that the writer gave some clear explanations on her character. Afterwards, the theory of motivation, theory of love, theory ofkatresnanismand psychological approach are used to answer the meaning of Queen Attolia’s love.

The last step was to conclude the study of the novel. In this step, the writer concluded the important points of the analysis as the result of the analysis and gave some suggestions to the future researchers who want to analyse the novel,

26 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter aims to answer the questions formulated in Chapter I. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part will discuss the Queen Attolia’s characteristics. The second part deals with the meaning of Queen Attolia’s love.

4.1 The Characteristics of Queen Attolia

By using theory of character, Stanton and Abrams, the writer finds out that character is one of the most important individual who exists in a dramatic or narrative work. He is a person who does the action and has the important roles in a story. In The Queen of Attolia, Queen Attolia is the important character who endures problems, conflict, happiness, etc. It is called the main character.

Queen Attolia possesses many characteristics, they are; cruel, smart, attentive, calm, beautiful, jealous, cautious, avengeful and confident. In this novel, Queen Attolia is described as a beautiful woman with cruel traits in her. It is found in many sentences of the novel about what she does and says. Queen Attolia becomes more cruel because she has people who cannot be trusted, so she gives a cruel punishment for those who want to try to attack and to betray her.

The Queen has a bad experience that she hears her fiance and father-in-law are talking to each other that they want to depose her father. One day, her fiance tell her that her father is poisoned. She believes that the people who murder her father are her fiance and her father-in-law. It makes her take revenge on her fiance by poisoning him.

“Six weeks before she was supposed to prepare for her wedding, the news came that her father was dead. Her fiance stopped in her rooms with a face so full of mock solemnity it was an insult and told her that her father had been poisoned by some unknown assassin” (p. 202)

Therefore, the above incident makes her believe no one and causes her to be so cruel. She began to really hate queen Eddis and all that Queen Eddis has; loyal people around her, thieves, Eddis’s life, and more especially when Eddis did not want to take her advice.

The writer found nine characteristics of Queen Attolia. They are analyzed by methods of characterization to answer the first problem formulation in detail. The characteristics of the Queen which are explained in this chapter are:

4.1.1 Cruel

Queen Attolia is a cruelerson, because she hangs people and cuts off Eugenides’ right hand. She would do so to those things to people who plan to betray and attack her. This can be seen from the following incidents:

Queen Attolia molests Eguinedes, but the thief always tries to smile at the Queen. He is always ignored and rewarded with cruelty acts from the queen. It is because the Queen hates everything that belongs to Queen Eddis, that is why she also hates the thief, Eguinedes.

Attolia saw his smile, without any hint of self effacement of flattery or opportunism, a smile wholly unlike that of any member of her court, and she hit him across the face with her open hand. His head rocked on his shoulders. He made no sound but dropped to his knees, fighting nausea. (p. 22)

The incident above proves that Queen Attolia is cruel. It is seen when Eugenides gives her a smile and yet she hits him. It is analyzed through Murphy’s

methods of characterization (1972). In this case, it is derived from the reaction (pp.168-170).

Queen Attolia always hangs her prisoners on her wall as she wants to do away with the thief, Eugenides. She says that after hanging him on the wall, she will send his body back to Eddis and then waits for the Aracthus to flow. She wants to stand against Queen Eddis by sending Eugenides’ body to Queen Eddis. She wants to make sure by sending Eugenides’ body if Queen Eddis will open the water of Aracthus or not.

“Hang him,” she said. “Take him out now and hang him. Send his body back to Eddis, and we’ll see if the Aracthus flows.” (p. 23). “Remember that your gods are not mine. Nor will they be,” she said. (p.23)

The incident above proves that Queen Attolia is cruel. It is because she uses Eugenides’ body as a weapon to stand against Queen Eddis while waiting for the water of Aracthus. It is analyzed through Murphy’s methods of characterization (1972). In this case, it is derived from the speech (pp.164-166).

Queen Attolia has a tradition which is hanging everyone who is brave enough to betray her. This also happens to Eugenides, Queen Attolia will have her guards hang him, but it is canceled. It is because she has another idea to give a great punishment for the thief. It is proved when the Mede said to Queen Attolia thinking twice before hanging the thief on her palace wall because Eddis prefers to let the thief die quickly than let the thief experience every level of pain.

Everything she did had to be calculated for its effect, and she had meant to think carefully before she chose a suitable punishment for Eugenides, something that would provide an example for unruly members of her aristrocacy as well as satisfy her deep and abiding hatred of the queen of Eddis and her Thief. (p. 24)

The incident above proves that Queen Attolia is cruel because she really wants to hurt the thief and Queen Eddis more. It is analyzed through Murphy’s methods of characterization (1972). In this case, it is derived from the direct comment of the author (pp.170-171).

Queen Attolia wants Queen Eddis not to have her hope. This is why Queen Attolia thinks that if she hangs the thief and kills him quickly, it will make Queen Eddis feel better, so she changes her mind to do with Eugenides.

For Attolia, the death of the Thief was worth the loss of season’s harvest, but his death was the leat Attolia could accomplish and the best that Eddis could hope for. There was no reason to satisfy Eddis’s hopes, and she had every desire to confound them. (p. 24)

The incident above proves that Queen Attolia is cruel. It is because she will not let Queen Eddis be satisfied for her hope. It is analyzed through Murphy’s method of characterization (1972). In this case, it is derived from the direct comment of the author (pp.170-171).

Queen Attolia is cruel because she keeps changing her mind about what she will do with Eugenides. A thing which Queen Attolia will do what is best and good for her, but the worst for the thief and his queen.

”I heard she was going to hang you but she changed her mind,” said the keeper. ”Don’t worry, lad, she never changes it for the better.” (p. 27) The incident above is what the prison keeper says to Eugenides, he says that queen will change her mind in order to hurt him even more. It is analyzed through Murphy’s method of characterization (1972). In this case, it is derived from the character as seen by the other characters (pp.162-164).

As it is said before that Queen Attolia will have her guards hang the thief, Eguinedes, but it is cancelled. Then, the Queen decides to give a great punishment to the thief which she thinks that it will make Queen Eddis to open the River, Aracthus. Her decision is to cut the thief’s right hand because she wants to hurt him and his Queen more.

The man beside him lifted the sword it caught the firelight on its edge a moment before it swept down, biting deep into the wooden arm of the chair. His right hand disappeared behind the table. (p. 32)

The incident above proves that Queen Attolia is cruel because of her action in having her guards cut off Eugenides’ right hand. It is analyzed through Murphy’s method of characterization (1972). In this case, it is derived from reaction (pp.168-170).

Queen Attolia wants to hurt Eugenides and his Queen in every level. Moreover, she also wants him to cry out because she wants to know that it is successful to cause him so much pain.

Attolia saw his body jerk against the straps. She had had expected him to cry out, but he made no sound. He turned away from the sight of his right arm, and she saw his face grow white as the blood under his skin drained away. His eyes were squeezed closed, his mouth twisted in pain. (p. 32) The incident above proves that Queen Attolia is cruel. It is because she is not satisfied by only to cut the thief’s right hand but she also wants to hear the thief crying out, and she wants to see that he really suffers. It does not happen because the thief makes no sound. It is analyzed through Murphy’s methods of characterization (1972). In this case, it is derived from the direct comment of the author (pp.170-171).

Queen Attolia decides to cut the thief’s right hand because she wants to hurt him more, slowly. However, she does not want the wound to accelerate death, so she gets her guards find a doctor to check the wound. The cauterizing iron is ready, and she stands there to see if he will scream when it is applied. He jerks again for twice against the straps but he still makes no sound, he only takes a deep breath sharply and does not let the breath go.

Attolia watched as his lips flushed blue, and then he fainted, his head was dropping forward to his chest, his dark hair covering his face. She came closer to be sure that he breathed again, then she asked again to have a doctor checked the wound for infection and left. (pp. 32 - 33)

Attolia sighed in irritation. A familiar, not uncomfortable emotion. “If I didn’t want him dead of one infection, why would I want him dead from another?” (p. 35)

Queen Attolia gives another instruction while pointing at the swollen red skin that shows through the torn cloth by saying that the bites on the thief’s leg are infected. The prison keeper looks wary and says that the doctor already checked the burns at her orders. She gets angry and asks the keeper why it was only the burns which were checked. The keeper says that he perceives that those are her orders.

The incidents above proves that Queen Attolia is cruel. It is because of how Queen Attolia treats the thief. She has her guards check his infection because she is afraid that he will die quickly which is actually she wants him to suffer first. It is analyzed through Murphy’s methods of characterization (1972). In this case, it is derived from the reaction and speech (pp.164-166, pp.168-170).

Queen Attolia is also defined as a cruel person from queen Eddis’ statement about her action of cutting off the thief’s right hand. Queen Eddis thinks that Queen Attolia hates her so much.

“Attolia could have had the same result by killing you, but she wanted something that would hurt you and me more.” She looked at him. “You know all this,” she said. (p. 90)

The incident above proves that Queen Attolia is cruel. It is known from Queen Eddis’ opinion about the cruelty of Queen Attolia. It is analyzed through Murphy’s methods of characterization (1972). In this case, it is derived from character as seen by the other characters (pp.162-164).

Queen Attolia has done so many cruel things toward people who are brave enough to betray her. The cruel things that she has done are aimed at defending her throne. She is cruel and barbaric. She will do anything, even the worst thing for her prisoners or whoever dares to betray and oppose her. It is all to make her satisfied and to defend her throne.

Eugenides turned to stare at her over his shoulder. “You are defending her,” he pointed out.

The queen of Eddis hissed in displeasure. “I don’t want to. She’s vicious, she’s barbaric, and I think by this time edging toward insane, but I’m forcing myself to be honest. She has not indulged in atrocities for personal pleasure,” she said firmly. “Or for personal revenge. She has used them as deterrents to defend her throne.” (p. 186)

The incident above is the second statement of Queen Eddis which explains that Queen Attolia is bad. It is analyzed through Murphy’s methods of characterization (1972). In this case, it is derived from character as seen by the other characters (pp.162-164).

4.1.2 Smart

Queen Attolia is smart because she always thinks carefully before doing something, and she always has a good plan to her benefit. This can be seen from the following incidents:

Queen Attolia is smart. It can be said because the Queen always considers what she will do and always has a good plan to do it. She cancels hanging the thief and she has her guards take him back to his cell and lets him wait, while she decides what is best to do with him. She is very smart in satisfying herself by hurting the thief and his queen more.

“That was hasty of me ,” she said. She continued to stare into Eugenides’s face but spoke to the guards. “Take him back to his cell and let him wait. I believe,” she said slowly, “I will think a little more before I decide what’s best to do with you.” (p. 25)

The incident above proves that Queen Attolia is smart as known from her speech that she wants to think twice for the best for herself and the worst for the thief. It is analyzed through Murphy’s methods of characterization (1972). In this case, it is derived from the speech (pp.164-166).

When the thief will be given a punishment, he offers himself to be at Queen Attolia’s service, but she refuses. She refuses because she has offered the same thing before, but the thief refused it for his queen, Queen Eddis. Queen Attolia refuses it because she does not want to be tricked again.

“Your Majesty.” He turned to her and said desperately, ”Let me serve you. Let me be your Thief.”

Atolia shook her head. ”I offered you a position in my service once before. You refused me for a mistress you said was more kind.” (p. 30)

The incident above proves that Queen Attolia is smart because Eugenides offers to the Queen to be at her service, but she refuses it because she does not want to be tricked. It is analyzed through Murphy’s methods of characterization (1972). In this case, it is derived from the speech (pp.164-166).

Queen Attolia thinks that by using the thief as a weapon, a lovely thief of Queen Eddis, she can stand against her enemy. She wants to hurt Eddis more in every level by cutting Eugenides’s right hand. Queen Attolia says to Eugenides that his queen thinks she is safe by sending him to Attolia, but she is wrong because Queen Attolia is smart, so she can do anything to stand against her.

“Your queen thinks she is safe sending you to me because I cannot use you against her. I think I can. And what I want is not what Eddis chooses to give me. (p. 31)

The incident above proves that Queen Attolia is smart as known from her speech when she says to Eugenides that she can do anything with him to stand against his queen. It is analyzed through Murphy’s methods of characterization (1972). In this case, it is derived from the speech (164-166).

Queen Attolia says that his queen let the thief be hanged, but not to make it so painful in every level. Queen Attolia says that it will not happen with him, because she still thinks that there is a way to do the best for her and the worse for him. She is so unpredictable and smart to do her plan.

“Your ambassador says your queen has accepted my right to have you hanged,” said Attolia. “But not to have you flogged to death, nor to have you hung upside down from my palace walls, nor to have you starve to death in a cage in the courtyard.”

“I care very little for the opinion of any god, but I still think tradition might hold the best solution to my problems with you.” (p. 31)

The incident above proves that Queen Attolia is smart as known from her speech when she says to Eugenides that she actually can do anyhing she wants. She is careful in making and to do her plan.

Queen Attolia always hangs those who oppose and betray her. She also thinks that the thief should be hanged from her palace wall so that there will be no lovely thief for Queen Eddis who can steal any more, but there is her councilor who prompts her to think twice in what she will do with Eddis’ thief. Then, queen Attolia chooses to cut off the thief’s right hand. She thinks that the thief cannot steal any more with one hand and the queen Ediss will open the river of Aracthus.

She bent over Eugenides again, needing to be sure her punishment had been effective.

“Eugenides,” she said, “what can you steal with only one hand?” “Nothing,” he answered hopelessly.

Attolia nodded. (p. 34)

The incident above proves that Queen Attolia is smart a known from her speech to Eugenides. She knows that Eugenides cannot steal anymore with one hand, so she makes sure by asking him like the conversation above. It is analyzed through Murphy’s methods of characterization (1972). In this case, it is derived from the speech (pp.164-166).

Queen Attolia is always jealous toward Queen Eddis because she has many people who love her and are loyal to her, especially because she has Eugenides. This is why Queen Attolia wants to hurt Eddis’ heart at every level by cutting the thief’s right hand. She is smart to make it succeed.

If she’d wanted Eddis to be without the Thief’s services, she could have executed him. She meant to hurt Eddis at every level, and she had succeeded. (p. 41)

The incident above proves that Queen Attolia is smart as seen from the author’s comment that Queen Attolia changes her mind to make her satisfied (pp.170-171).

Queen Attolia always does something by thinking the best way to get what she wants. It is also said when Nahuseresh has a conversation with Kamet, his secretary. They talk about how Queen Attolia handles her throne.

“She’s held the throne for some time,” the secretary said cautiously.

“She secured her throne with brilliant tactics early on that were no doubt those of an advisor, probably the Baron Oronus, or Erondites’s father.“ (p. 72)

The insident above proves that Queen Attolia is smart as known from the conversation between Nahuseresh and Kamet about Queen Attolia. It is analyzed through Murphy’s methods of characterization (1972). In this case, it is derived from the conversation of other characters (pp.167-168).

Though Queen Attolia is without a king in her throne for a few years, she can arrange and handle something to do in a war. She always thinks the best thing to reach her aim. It is said when people in Eddis talk about plans to attack Attolia, but they still think twice in their plans because they know that Queen Attolia always has better plans.

“She’s an astute strategist. Are you sure that Sounis will retake the islands, even with superior firepower? Someone asked. “ (p. 190)

The incident above proves that Queen Attolia is smart. It is analyzed through Murphy’s methods of characterization (1972). In this case, it is derived from the character as seen by the other characters (pp.162-164).

4.1.3 Attentive

Queen Attolia is attentive, although Queen Attolia really hates Queen Eddis and her thief, but she sees something different in the thief. Eugenides looks so pitiful from her other prisoners. She feels empathy and sympathy for him and takes care of him. This can be seen from the following incidents:

Queen Attolia is cruel but she can care about Eugenides, her prisoner instead. She can feel how the thief feels the pain and how the thief stands against all the pain. That is when she starts to feel sympathy towards her only prisoner.

Eddis would think twice before risking her a favorite thief in Attolia’s power. He was very young, she realized. She hadn’t considered his age before and reminded herself that his age didn’t matter. All that mattered was the threat he posed. Still, seeing him huddled on the floor, she left a little surprised that Queen Eddis would endanger someone young. But Eddis was not much older, Attolia thought. (p. 34)

The incident above proves that Queen Attolia is attentive. She starts to think about the thief more, she starts to care about him. She starts to feel pity for him who is very young to stand against her power. It is analyzed through Murphy’s methods of characterization (1972). In this case, it is derived from the thoughts (pp.171-172).

She always thinks of the thief lying on the floor of his cell, she cares about what the thief, Eugenides feels when his right hand was cut and when he is in his cell.

She dismissed thoughts of the Thief lying on the floor of his cell, but found herself thinking instead of her favorite amphora, broken, and the oil spilled. (p. 35)

The incident above proves that Queen Attolia is attentive to Eugenides as known from the author’s comment of what she thinks of Eugenides, a thief whose

right hand she cuts off. It is analyzed through Murphy’s methods of characterization (1972). In this case, it is derived from the direct comment of the author (pp.170-171).

There is an Attolian who says to Eugenides that is the way Queen Attolia treats her prisoners, which is doing the worst things to them. He also says to Eugenides that by cutting his right hand, Queen Attolia hopes to get stream water of the Aracthus from Eddis, but when Queen Attolia hears about what her keeper says, she just looks impassively because she cares about him.

“Our queen said to tell you this is how we treat thieves in Attolia, and she awaits the water of the Aracthus,” said the Attolian, but sly expression on his face faded as the queen stared at him impassively. From where she stood she couldn’t know if the Thief was alive or dead, and she didn’t look as if she cared. (p. 38)

The incident above proves that Queen Attolia is attentive as seen from her action that she does not justify her guards’ words by looking impassively. It is analyzed through Murphy’s methods of characterization (1972). In this case, it is derived from the reaction (pp.168-170).

On the second night, Queen Attolia hears Eugenides saying the same words over and over. She knows why he does like that. She really can feel what he feels and she starts to have her nightmare because she starts thinking of him more. She also can cry for the thief, Eugenides, while she never cries for her father or for herself. She really cares about the thief.

“The second night you repeated the same words over and over. I think the fever had set in by then. Do you remember what you said?”

“No”

She knew every one of them. His voice, broken and stumbling, had filled her dreams until she had wept in her sleep, crying tears for him that she’d never been able to cry for her father or for herself. (p. 245)

Man vs ManMajor character struggles with the other character that is protagonist vs antagonist (a good man vs a bad man). Man vs Nature_Major character struggles with a force of nature (animal,

natural disaster, etc).

Man vs Society_Major character struggles with a group of characters. The character fights against rules or social traditions (the character fights for right, freedom, etc).

Internal conflict

An internal conflict is between a character and hiself/herself.

Man vs Self_Major character struggles with her/his own mind (the character fights against her/hi feelings and emotions. It can be also the character has something to do with a choice, is between right and wrong choice.

D. What is plot?

A plot is the sequence of events that make up a story. Aristotle stated in his bookThe Poeticsthat plot structure had "a beginning, a middle and an end". But it is much more than simply the telling of events one after another. A plot needs a motivating purpose to drive the story to its resolution, and a connection between these events. If you watch a movie with a string of unconnected scenes, you will probably be frustrated because the plot makes no sense.

Unless these scenes are tied together in some way, it will be very hard to make a real story out of it. So, we should say that plot is the CAUSAL sequence of events that make up a story. Of course, this "sequence" doesn't necessarily have to be in order - detective stories or thrillers can often work backwards or jump from one event to another - but at the end of the day, everything should come together. Seemingly, modern artistic storytelling has increased the emphasis on theme than on plot structure. When reading the elements of plot structure you will see why Shakespeare's plays are so popular to study - because they are an excellent example of plot structure. Usually his plot elements are easy to identify.

Elements of plot structure

Gustav Freytag (1816 - 1895) was a German dramatist and novelist. Why is he important? He came up with the structure for the way stories are told in ancient Greek and Shakespearean drama. This analysis is known asFreytag's analysis. His analysis consisted of dividing a play into FIVE parts:

These five elements of plot structure can differ slightly, but for the most part you will see the gradual build-up of events, the climax, followed by a resolution. Here's some background information on each element:

Introduction or Exposition

The introduction is where the basic characters and plot elements such as setting are revealed. In most cases the major conflict of the story, novel or script is also hinted at in the introduction, though smaller conflicts in the plot may be

introduced later on. In a shorter work, the introduction happens within the first few paragraphs, while in a longer work such as a novel it will happen within the first few chapters. The narrative hook, or point in the story where the author truly catches the reader's attention, is often presented within the introduction.

Rising Action

Taking place within the first third of a story, novel or script, the rising action is also the part of the work where the problem or conflict central to the plot is truly

introduced. The main characters have been established and events begin to get complicated for them. They may take actions against the conflict though it will probably not be solved yet. This element of the plot is where excitement, tension and crisis are encountered.

Climax

The climax is the turning point of a story, novel or script. It is the moment where it seems like the main character is in danger or could even possibly fail at

resolving the conflict. Depending on the kind of conflict being faced (man vs. man, man vs. self, etc.) the actions at this point in the work can be either physical or mental.

Falling Action

Taking place after the climax, the falling action includes events that will help to fully resolve the conflict. The results of actions that the main character has taken are presented as well as the results of decisions that have been made, whether good or bad for the character.

Resolution

The end of a story, novel or script includes the last plot element -- the resolution. It is here that loose ends are tied up, conflicts are concluded, outcomes are revealed and a happy or sad ending takes place. As many of the final actions have already taken place, a resolution can be made up of a just a summary of where the main character will end up in the future, instead of including any more active events.

WORKSHEET

The Queen of Attolia by Megan Whalen Turner

Name/ St.No:

1. _____________________/__________

2. ____________________/___________

3. ____________________/___________

A. Character

Character is a person who does the action in a story. Mention the main characters in the story ofThe Queen of Attolia!

1. The main characters:

_______________________________________________ 2. Why are they the main characters?

_______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 1. How is Queen Attolia described in the story? Give the proofs (sentences or

phrases) from the novel!

_______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

B. Conflict

Plot will not happen without conflict means without conflict there is no plot. The elements of plot is created around the conflict. There are two types of conflict: External Conflict_Man vs Man, Man vs Nature, and Man vs Society.

Internal Conflict_Man vs Self.

Analyze the conflict of this story by using External and Internal Conflict!  Internal Conflict :

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

 External Conflict :

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

C. Point of View

Point of view is the way the author allows you to "see" and "hear" what's going on. Point of view comes in three varieties: first person, second person, and third person point of view. Which one does the writer use to narrate her story? Is it effective for her story?

__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

D. Plot

These five elements of plot structure can differ slightly, but for the most part it will be seen the gradual build-up of events. Every plot is made up of a series of incidents that are related to one another. Draw a plot structure of this story and give some explanation (exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution)!

Plot Structure

E. Theme

The theme of a story is the main idea or insight into life. In your opinion, what does Megan intend to say through this story?

__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________