c. What other characters say about them
As in real life where people are accustomed to gossiping others, in fiction an author also presents that situation. Other characters give their opinion of a
character. d.
What the author says about them Usually what the author says about character is accepted accurately.
By correctly interpreting the tools of characterization used by an author, readers can arrive at clear understanding of what characters in stories are like. It is
important to have a good understanding of a character because the personality of the character contributes to the plot development, conflict in a story, and the
description of a character.
2. Theory of Patriarchy
Patriarchy refers to a social structure where the action and ideas of men are dominant over women. Walby defines patriarchy as a system of social
structures and practices in which men dominate, oppress and exploit women 1990:20. It can be seen that patriarchy is a social structure that creates the
superiority of men. Patriarchal system organizes the society in such a way to give benefit to
the men in general. In many cultures, women are expected to do domestic tasks in home while men are in outside the house. Domestic activity include preparation
and consumption of food: cleaning, grooming, teaching, and disciplining the young: sleeping: and adult sexual intercourse Arp Johnson, 2012: 120.
Women in patriarchal society are considered in private sphere not in public sphere PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
and live under men’s control. They are forced to be dependent and inferior to men. Women have to stay at home and do the house household chores. Patriarchal
value in society sees women to do the household like cleaning the house, caring the children, and other activities done inside the house.
Louis Tyson states that a patriarchy is any society in which men hold all or most of the power. Usually a patriarchy gives men power by promoting
traditional gender roles. Patriarchal men and women believe that anyone who violets traditional gender roles is in some way unnatural, unhealthy, or even
immoral 20011:141. So, women who live in patriarchal society should follow this rule or they will be categorized as unnatural, unhealthy, or even immoral
women and they will be alienated.
3. Theory of feminism a. Feminism in General
Women are being treated unfairly and unequally until now. This unfair treatment has started centuries ago where women have to be silenced no matter
what the circumstances are. Women are often considered as second class. Then,
feminism appears because these unfair treatments toward woman in society. Edgar and Sedgwick state that the core of feminism is the belief that
women are subordinate to men. Feminism seeks to free women from this subordination and to rebuild society in such a way that patriarchy is erased and a
new culture is created that is fully inclusive of women’s desires and goals 2002:143. Barrow and Millburn argue that feminism is defined as women’s
struggle and movements to achieve women’s equality to men, therefore, women have the equal rights and positions as men 1990:128. So, feminism is defined as
a women’s movement to be free from patriarchal society and any oppression from male domination to achieve women’s equality to men.
As time goes by, women starts to realize this unfair treatment and starts to fight to be free and gets the same equality with men. The ideology to get the
same right and opportunity then is called feminism. According to feminist criticism, gender discrimination has begun since the first human is created, it is
when Eve is blamed for the fall of humanity through the sin she made. In ancient Greek, gender discrimination is seen from Aristotle’s statement, “the male is by
nature superior, and the female inferior, and the one rules and the other is ruled.” For centuries, men become the one who has the power for everything, they
determine the social role, cultural and personal significance of women. In the late 17000, Marry Wollstonecraft with her book Vindication of The Right of Women
which was published in 1792 is said to be the first feminine philosopher. She states that women must stand up for their rights. Wollstonecraft also states that
education becomes the way to change women’s oppressive condition and men should not define what women should be. Women must take the lead, define
themselves and take their role in society. Women must also reject the assumption that women have lower position compared to men Bressler, 1999:181
In the middle of 1800s, the term feminism is used to refer to “equalities of female”, and it is regularly used in English for a belief in an advocacy of equal
rights for women based on the idea of equality of the sexes. The history of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
