Theory of Critical Approaches Theory of Psychoanalysis

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

There are two main theories that are chosen in order to support the analysis in Chapter IV, they are, theory of literature, which consists of theory of critical approaches and theory of characterization, and theories of psychology which use theory of psychoanalysis, theory of motivation, theory of love and theory of Katresnanism. The theoretical framework is the last part in this chapter. 2.1 Theoretical Description 2.1.1 Theory of Literature In the literary work, some theories of literature are needed which relates to the topic of the study. There are theory of critical approach and theory of characterization.

2.1.1.1 Theory of Critical Approaches

Rohrberger and Woods 1972: 1-15 say that there are five kinds of critical approaches. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, socio cultural- historical approach, mythopeic approach, and psychological approach. First, the formalist approach demonstrates the harmonious involvement of all parts to the whole literary works and also describes how meaning is derived from structure and how matters of technique determine of structure. Second, the biographical approach considers the author’s background to appreciate their 6 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 7 works. Third, socio cultural-historical approach considers the socio cultural- historical background, when the literary works were written, in order to understand the literary works. Forth, mythopeic approach tries to observe the universally repeated structures of the human thought, which they perceive that it can give an important meaning to the literary works. Fifth, psychological approach is an approach that involves the effort to discover and illustrate this approach certain repetitive pattern. This approach involves the theory of psychology to understand the literary works. In order to understand deeply certain literary works, one needs to view from psychological approach. The author of this novel describes the main character’s psychology in minute detail. Therefore, the psychological approach is appropriate to be applied in this study.

2.1.1.2 Theory of Characterization

One of the important elements in the novel is character. Abrams 1981: 20- 21 in A Glossary of Literary Terms, describes that characters are the persons, in dramatic or narrative work, gifted with moral and disposition qualities that are expressed in what they say as seen in the dialogue and what they do the actions. The ground in a character’s temperament and moral nature for ones’ speech and actions constitute their motivations. On the other hand, characters are people in the story. Therefore, the author usually creates more than one character in making up the story. The term of character might be determined from the prominence and the function. Henkle 1977: 87-97 classifies characters as major characters and minor 8 characters. Major characters are the most important and complex characters in a novel are used by the author in order to communicate their human qualities and guide the readers to understand the human themes of the novel. The main characters are deserved to have fullest attention because they perform the human problems of the novel. Therefore, acts of the story are focused on these characters from the beginning until the end of the story. Minor characters in contrast, perform more limited function. Their roles are less important than those of the major characters. From the theories above, people know that character is the most important element in novel. Even though the focus of the story is the major character, people cannot ignore the role of minor characters. Each character needs other characters to make the story convincing and lifelike. Rohberger and Wood 1971: 20 believe that characterization in a novel helps readers to know what the characters in the novel are like. They also state that characterization is a person where the author creates a character that must be credible. They also add that characters have particular personalities and physical attributes that distinguish them from other characters. In order to describe clearly what kind of person Allison is, this study applies the theory of characterization proposed by Murphy. According to Murphy 1972: 162-173, there are nine ways of characterization: personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment, thought, and mannerism. Some authors usually use personal description. They describe a character’s physical appearance such as face, body, and clothes of characters. Personal PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 9 description is necessarily needed because each character has individual aspect. Therefore, the readers can imagine it well. When the author uses the method of character as seen by another, she describes a character through her eyes and opinion of another. The other characters’ opinion can help the readers to understand a character better. Therefore, the readers can determine a character’s characterization without doubt. The author uses the method of speech to give the readers some clues to one of persons in the novel through what the persons say. Whenever a person speaks, whenever she is in conversation with another, whenever she puts forward an opinion, she is giving the readers some clues to her character. The author can give the readers a clue to events that helps to shape a person’s character through her past life. It can be done by direct comment, produced by the author, through the person’s thought, through her conversation or through the medium of another person. Through the conversations of other characters in a story, the readers also can understand the characteristics of a character easily. In daily life, people do talk about others and based on their conversation we can have our personal impression of the other people. Thus, conversations of others give insight into characters’ talk about. The author can also give the readers a clue to a person’s character by letting the readers knows how that a person reacts to various situations and events. In this way, the readers can see the quality of character in dealing with any conflicts, problems or situations arise. 10 The character of a person in the novel can be analyzed through the character’s direct comments. The author usually directs her opinion about the character in the story itself. A person’s character can be observed through analyzing what character is thinking about. This way is called thought. What in the person’s mind and what she feels reflect on her character. The person’s character can be analyzed through the person’s mannerism and habits. The author can reveal the character’s habits or mannerism whether positively or negatively.

2.1.2 Theory of Psychology

According to Kasschau 1995: 7, Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Psychology involves both animal and human behaviors. When it was applied to human, psychology covers everything that people think, feel, and do.

2.1.2.1 Theory of Psychoanalysis

A famous Viennese physician, Sigmund Freud, in General Psychology by Lester D. Crow and Alice Crow 1959: 9 states that Psychoanalysis is defined as a technique in order to help a person discovers the causes of his personality defects. He claims that a person’s behavior can be motivated by strong unconscious drives or urges toward self-satisfaction. The interpretation of personality, an individual possesses three “selves”, the id, the ego, and the 11 superego 229. Freud characterizes the id as the aspect of self that encourages the fulfillment of personal needs and urges, possibly through personally and socially harmful behavior. According to Kasschau 271, the id is the reservoir or container of the instinctual and biological urges. The id is the lustful or drives ridden part of unconscious. Furthermore, id is concerned with what a person wants to do. The ego represents conscious states and acts. Freud calls it as Ich, which means “I”. The ego takes for itself part of the energy of the id and proceeds to serve as a mediator between id and reality. Through remembering, reasoning, and evaluating on the basis of the child’s prior contacts with reality, it tries to satisfy the desires of the id, to anticipate the consequences of a particular means of fulfillment and sometimes to delay the fulfillment in order to achieve the goals. Moreover, the ego is concerned with planning what she can do. The superego the ideal self was considered by Freud to be the self- restraining personality attribute that controls participation in selfish or self- centered activities. It has two parts, they are, the conscience and the ego ideal. The conscience lists the thing that should not be done in a social life. On the other hand, the ego ideal lists the thing that should be done to obtain proud feelings. The ego functions as morality principle, hence, violating the rules may cause guilty feeling. Furthermore, the superego is concerned with what shehe should do. Then it leads to perfection, therefore, unrealistic as the id. The balance of rationality is the ego. The ego must not only satisfy the id but also must not violate the standards of the superego, thus, the perfect actions 12 are accomplished. Therefore, the key to be a good personality is a balance between the id, ego, and superego.

2.1.2.2 Theory of Motivation