22
a. Suffixes Retaining the Stress by Themselves
Some suffixes place the stress just before the suffixes themselves. In other words, the stress is always on the final syllable. The following are examples of the
suffixes carrying the stress by themselves, derived from Dardjowidjojo 2009 and Roach 1998.
-ee : refer
ˈee -eer
: buccan ˈeer
-ese : Sundan
ˈese -esque
: arabˈesque -ette
: roul ˈette
-ique :
oblˈique
b. Suffixes Preserving the Stress
These suffixes below are ones that keep the original stress of the stem. Thus, the stress does not move. Here are some examples of derivational suffixes that do
not change the stress placement of English words. These examples are taken from the work of Dardjowidjojo 2009 and Roach 1998.
-able : ˈreadable
-age : ˈorphanage
-al :
ˈpartial -ful
: ˈgraceful
-fy : ˈjustify
-ish :
ˈreddish -less
: ˈfruitless
23 -ment :
ˈpuzzlement -ness
: ˈgreediness
c. Suffixes Affecting the Stress
While other suffixes can retain the stress by themselves or keep the original stress, some others affect the stress placement. Thus, the stress is dependent on the
suffix because the suffix moves the stress away from the stem. The examples below are from Dardjowidjojo 2009 and Roach 1998.
-eous : spon
ˈtaneous -ial
: subˈstantial -ic
: phoˈnemic -ion
: communiˈcation -ious
: caˈpricious -ity
: tran ˈquility
-ive : re
ˈflective English suffix -ity is actually a borrowed suffix originated from Anglo-
French, and the original form is -itee as in Old French words such as bonté ‘bounty’ and charite ‘charity’ Miller, 2006: 27. He also states that -ity suffix also
underwent periods of assimilation with Roman and Latin in 1300 BC, as in seuretee
‘security’ and also in securitas ‘carelessness’ Miller, 2006: 27. Parenthetically, Plag 2003 backs this view by stating that Latinate adjectives
usually make ity-suffixed words as in profundity and productivity p. 91. In addition, there is a special characteristic of this suffix, which enables the stress to
24 shift and the polysyllabic words to process a trisyllabic lax, a process of vowel
shortening Plag, 2003, pp. 91-92. The suffix -ion
is interpreted as ‘the result of’ Miller, 2006; Plag, 2003. Miller states that the suffix -ion is not a deadjectival abstract, but is a verbal abstract,
which means that -ion only modifies verbs Miller, 2006: 76. For instance, the word legion legio
– conscriptionchoose a number of soldiers comes from Anglo French word legere
that means ‘to collect’ Miller, 2006: 76. There are three allomorphs accompanying the suffix -ion, namely -ion and -ification when it is
attached to a verb with -ify suffix and -ation when -ion is attached to a verb with - ate suffix Plag, 2003: 90. The examples of the variation of -ion suffix include
those of verbal bases as well as nouns without the help of -ate suffix, as in sedimentation, where the base is the noun sediment Plag, 2003: 91. In relation to
that, Miller 2006 states that -tion can sometimes attract nouns without any base verbs such as sanitation and sedimentation p. 98. He also adds, -ation is
normally constricted to Latinate words and is not attached to iambic words such as desire and disturb because of the stress clash as in desiration and disturbation
although exceptions allow a stress shift as in inspire →inspiration and
explain →explanation Miller, 2006: 98.
The suffix -eous came from Indo-European suffix -e´y-o-, which later developed into -e-us in Latin Miller, 2006: 162. The original meaning of the suffix
-e´y-o- was denotation of material composition Miller, 2006: 162. It means to say that the meaning of suffix -eous
is ‘comprised of’, ‘derived from’ or ‘made of’. As
25 a variant of suffix -ous, suffix -eous typically puts the stress either on the penult or
on the antepenult Plag, 2003: 97.
Unusual as it sounds, the Indo-European suffix -ko- is the ancestor of several suffixes including Greek’s -iko-, Latin’s -ticus, and English’s -ic Miller, 2006,
pp. 160-161. Since -ic is a relational suffix, it attaches itself to foreign bases especially nouns and bound roots Plag, 2003: 96. A relational suffix makes a
relational adjective because the suffix implies a certain degree of relation that belongs to the noun as in allergic,
which means ‘having an allergy’ or ‘caused by an allergy.’
B. Theoretical Framework
This part highlights the elaboration of theories and how they are used to conduct the research. In this research, the theories function as the ground of analysis
of the research results. In regard to analyzing the data, the researcher combined the theories of stress and suffixes elaborated in the previous subchapter.
The theories of stress and pronunciation combined with the theories of suffixes are used to answer research question number one and two. These theories
are from Burzio 1996, Crosswhite 2004, Dardjowidjodjo 2009, Hayes 2009, Katamba 1996, Kager 2007, McMahon 2002, Miller 2006, Plag 2003,
Poldauf 1984, Roach 1998, and Yavas 2011. By incorporating the theories of Syafei 1988, Kreidler 2004 and Kenworthy 1988 that concern the nature of
Kategori