AN ANALYSIS ON MOTION EVENTS: CROSS LINGUISTIC STUDY BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE TRANSLATION VERSIONS OF HOLY QUR’AN CHAPTER 30
AN ANALYSIS ON MOTION EVENTS: CROSS LINGUISTIC STUDY
BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE TRANSLATION
VERSIONS OF HOLY QUR’AN CHAPTER 30
THESIS
by:
MISYKATUL QADRI
201110100311102
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2015
AN ANALYSIS ON MOTION EVENTS: CROSS LINGUISTIC STUDY
BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE TRANSLATION
VERSIONS OF HOLY QUR’AN CHAPTER 30
THESIS
by:
MISYKATUL QADRI
201110100311102
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2015
AN ANALYSIS ON MOTION EVENTS: CROSS LINGUISTIC STUDY
BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE TRANSLATION
VERSIONS OF HOLY QUR’AN CHAPTER 30
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve
Sarjana Degree in English Education
by:
MISYKATUL QADRI
201110100311102
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2015
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
MOTTO
إن مع ال ع سر ي سرا
“Sesungguhnya sesudah kesulitan itu ada kemudahan”.
Verily, with every difficulty there is relief.
(Q.S. Alam Nasyrah:03)
“Work hard will not suffice without pray hard,
just do your best and Allah will do the rest”
Misykatul Qadri
DEDICATION
This thesis is especially dedicated to:
My beloved Father Abdul Muthalib
My dearest Mother Nor jannah
My lovely Sister Nurul Waqiyah
My gorgeous Brother Misykatul Andi
My special one Nurul Fazriani
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahirrabbil‘alamin
wassolatu
wassalamu‘ala
sayyidina
muhammadin wa’ala alihi wa sohbihi ajma’in. After going through a long and
challenging journey, the writer finally arrives at his most intended goal that is to
finish this thesis successfully. Accordingly, it is a precise time for the writer to
express his gratitude to all people who are engaged in this long and winding road.
But most of all, firstly, the writer would like to deliver his best gratitude to Allah
SWT for giving him guidance and blessing in order that the writer is able to finish
this thesis in time. Moreover, praises are also offered to the beloved Prophet,
Muhammad SAW as the best role model ever to all people around the world
especially Muslims.
Secondly, the writer warmly gives his uncountable thanks and appreciation
to his first advisor, Mr. Riski Lestiono, S.Pd., M.A who constantly guides, cares
and supports the writer to finish this thesis as soon as possible. Then, the writer
would like to convey his great gratitude to his kind second advisor, Mr. Hartono,
Dr., M.Pd who has given his support, suggestion, advice, and helpful correction to
construct an improvement during the writing process. Special thanks are also
dedicated to the writer’s academic counsellor, Mrs. Santi Prastiyowati, S.Pd.,
M.Pd who continually gives him advice throughout his study. The writer also
extends gratitude to all lecturers of English department of University of
Muhammadiyah Malang who have taught and given their knowledge patiently
during his study.
Thirdly, great, special, and huge gratitude are addressed to the writer’s
adored family and relatives. For my coolest father Abdul Muthalib, my dearest
and patient mother Nor jannah, my best sister Nurul Waqiyah and my smart
brother Misykatul Andi, uncles, aunties, and lovely cousins, many thanks are
presented for all their endless love, unlimited prayer, care, support, and
everything. The writer will always do his best for making them proud and happy.
Special prayer is delivered to my late grandmothers and grandfathers so that Allah
SWT may bless them and give His best place in Jannah. Amin ya Rabbal ‘alamin.
Finally, so much thanks are also delivered to all of the writer’s friends;
classmates, Co.trainers of P2KK, family of Jama’ah A.R Fachruddin, family of
LSO-Cendekia, Murobiies of Tarbiah Community, and many others for their
unlimited supports and prayers. Those will be the writer’s greatest and
unforgettable experience for the rest of his life.
Malang, January 20, 2015
The Writer,
Misykatul Qadri
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL......................................................................................................... i
LEGALIZATION................................................................................................ ii
MOTTO AND DEDICATION........................................................................... iii
ORIGINALITY DECLARATION.....................................................................iv
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................viii
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................. xi
LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................xii
LIST OF APPENDICES....................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study .............................................................................. 1
1.2 Statement of Problems ............................................................................ 7
1.3 Purpose of Study ..................................................................................... 7
1.4 Significance of Study .............................................................................. 8
1.5 Scope and Limitation .............................................................................. 9
1.6 Definition of Key Terms ......................................................................... 9
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Motion Event .......................................................................................... 12
2.2 Elements of Motion Events...................................................................... 14
2.2.1 Figure and Ground......................................................................... 15
2.2.2 Motion............................................................................................ 17
2.2.3 Path and Manner.............................................................................17
2.3 Talmy’s (2000) Typology of Motion Events.......................................... 20
2.4 Slobin’s (2006) Typology of Motion Events.......................................... 21
2.5 Typology of Language............................................................................ 25
2.5.1 Verb-framed Language..................................................................26
2.5.2 Satellite-framed Language.............................................................27
2.5.3 Equipollently-framed Language....................................................28
2.6 The Definition of Translation..................................................................29
2.7 The Holy Qur’an.....................................................................................30
2.8 Holy Qur’an Translations across the World...........................................30
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design ..................................................................................... 35
3.2 Research Object ....................................................................................... 36
3.3 Research Instrument ................................................................................ 37
3.4 Data Collection ........................................................................................ 38
3.5 Data Analysis .......................................................................................... 39
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Research Findings....................................................................................41
4.1.1 The Formula of Motion Events in English and Indonesian
Language Translation Versions of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30.........42
4.1.1.1 The Formula of Motion Events in English Translation
Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30..................................42
4.1.1.2 The Formula of Motion Events in Indonesian Language
Translation Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30...............47
4.1.2 The Typology of English and Indonesian language based on
the Translation Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30.....................51
4.1.2.1 Motion Events in English Translation Version of
Holy Qur’an.......................................................................51
4.1.2.2 Motion Events in Indonesian Language Translation
Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30...................................55
4.2 Discussion................................................................................................60
4.2.1 Disparity of English and Indonesian Languages on Motion
Events’ Formulation.......................................................................60
4.2.2 Serial Verbs Construction in English and Indonesian
Languages......................................................................................62
4.2.3 Revisiting Slobin’s (2006) Classification on Language Typology
based on Motion Events’ Framing.................................................63
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 69
5.2 Suggestions .............................................................................................. 71
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................73
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Linguistic Attention Maps..................................................................19
Figure 2.2 : The Illustration of Motion Event “going up the ladder”...................25
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 The Illustration of Verb with and without Motion............................... 13
Table 2.2 The Characteristics of Figure and Ground........................................... 16
Table 3.1 The Classification of Holy Qur’an Translation Versions based on
Motion Events’ Framing....................................................................... 40
Table 4.1 Verb-framed Language Typology found in English Translation
Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30...................................................... 52
Table 4.2 Satellite-framed Language Typology found in English Translation
Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30...................................................... 54
Table 4.3 Verb-framed Language Typology found in Indonesian Language
Translation Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30...................................
56
Table 4.4 Satellite-framed Language Typology found in Indonesian language
Translation Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30...................................
57
Table 4.5 Equipollently-framed Language Typology of Indonesian
Language Translation Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30.................. 58
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix I
Data Coding...................................................................................76
Appendix II Motion Event’s Formulation Mapping...........................................78
Appendix III Data Analysis..................................................................................86
REFERENCES
Aizul, Maula. 2011. “A Metaphor Translation of the Holy Qur’an: A
Comparative Analytical Study.” Jakarta: UIN Sayrif Hidayatullah Jakarta:
Unpublished Thesis.
Ali, M Alsaleh et, al. 2012. “Some Linguistic Difficulties in Translating the Holy
Quran from Arabic into English.” International Journal of Social Science
and Humanity. Vol. 2 No.6; November 2012.
AlMurshidi, G. 2013. “The Expression and Conceptualization of Motion through
Space and Manner of Motion in Arabic and English: A Comparative
Analysis.” May 2013 Vol. 2, Working Papers in Literacy, Culture, and
Language Education (WPLCLE). Bloomington: Indiana University.
Ashshiddiqi, Hasbi et, al. 1971. “Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahnya.” Jakarta: Yayasan
Penyelenggara Penterjemah/Penafsir Al’Qur’an.
Andersson, Richard 2005.“Talmy’s Manner in Event Perception: An EyeTracking Approach to Linguistic Relativity.” Lund University:
Unpublished Thesis.
Appel, R. & Musyken, P. 2005. “Language Contact and Bilingualism.”
Amsterdam: University Press.
Ary, Donald et al. 2010. “Introduction to Research in Education (8th edition).”
Canada: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
Bishtawi S, Adel 2013. “Origin of “Semitic” Languages Part II.” AuthorHouse
Publication.
Bassnett, S. 2002. “Translation Studies.” London: Routledge.
Creswell, John W. 2012. “Educational Research (4th edition).” Boston: Pearson
Education, Inc.
Emerson, Samantha N. 2013. “The Effect of Motion and Modality in Word
Learning in English.” Georgia State University: Unpublished Thesis.
Fatani, Afnan 2006. “Translation and the Qur'an. In Leaman, Oliver. The Qur'an:
an encyclopaedia.” Pp. 657–669. Great Britain: Routeledge.
Gentner & S. Goldin-Meadow (Eds.), 2003. “Language in Mind:Advances in the
Study of Language and Thought.” Pp. 157-192. Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press.
Hatim, B., & Munday, J. 2004. “Translation: An Advanced Resource Book.”
New York: Routledge.
Khashan A. Rafid, A. Al-Nasser. 2008. “The Collocation of Mubeen In The Holy
Quran.” Journal of the College of Arts. No. 45; 2008. Basrah: University
of Basrah.
Mack, Natasha et, al. 2005. “Qualitative Research Methods - A Data Collector's
Field Guide.” North Carolina: Family Health International.
Min, Anchee. 2004. “Empress Orchid” Great Britain: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Munday, J. 2010. “Introducing Translation Studies; Theories and Applications
(2nd edition).” New York: Routledge.
Mustonen, S. 2010. Translating Idioms: “A Case Study on Donna Tartt's The
Secret History and its Finnish Translation.” Jyväskylä: University of
Jyväskylä: Unpublished Thesis.
Malmkjaer, Kirsten 2005. “Linguistics and the Language of Translation.”
Edinburg: Edinburg University Press Ltd.
Matsumoto, Y. 2003. “Typologies of lexicalization patterns and event integration:
Clarifications and reformulations.” In S. Chiba, et al. (eds), Empirical and
theoretical investigations into language: A Festschrift for Masaru Kajita,
Kaitakush a, Tokyo, Pp. 403-418.
Nassimi, M. Daoud. 2008. “A Thematic Comparative Review of Some English
Translations of the Qur’an.” Birmingham: University of Birmingham:
Unpublished Thesis.
Shopen, Timothy 2007. “Language Typology and Syntactic Description (2nd
edition).” New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sachs, April E. 2010. “Motion Events in Seri: Applying Talmy’s Typologies.”
Grand Forks: University of North Dakota: Unpublished Thesis.
Slobin, D. I. 2004. “The Many Ways to Search for a Frog: Linguistic typology
and the expression of motion events.” In S. Strömqvist & L. Verhoeven
(Eds.). Relating events in narrative: Typological and Contextual
Perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Slobin, D. I. 2005a. “How People Move: Discourse Effects of Linguistic
Typology.” In A. Martinović-Zić & C. L. Moder (Eds.), Discourse across
languages and cultures. Pp. 191-206. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John
Benjamins.
Slobin, D. I. 2005b. “Linguistic Representations of Motion Events: What is
Signifier and What is Signified?” In C. Maeder, O. Fischer, & W.
Herlofsky (Eds.), Iconicity Inside out: Iconicity in Language and
Literature. No. 4 Pp. 307-322. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Slobin, D. I. 2005c. “Relating Events in Translation.” In D. Ravid: Perspectives
on Language and Language Development: Essays in honor of Ruth A.
Berman. Pp. 115-129. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Sugema, Sony 2004. “Qur’anic Digital Version 3 (DGV3).” (Online).
http://www.sonysugema.com/http://digital-quran-v3.blogspot.com.
Accessed on August 2014.
Thomason G. Sarah. 2001. “Language Contact.” Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press Ltd.
Talmy, L. 2007. “How Languages Represent Motion Events: Typologies and
Universals.” Invited presentation, Department of Linguistics and Applied
Language Studies. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University.
Talmy, L. 2000. “Toward a Cognitive Semantics: Vol. I: Toward a Cognitive
Semantics: Concept Structuring Systems.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Talmy, L. 2000. “Toward a Cognitive Semantics: Vol. II: Typology and Process
in Concept Structuring.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Toplu, Ayse B. 2011. “Linguistic Expression and Conceptual Representation of
Motion Events in Turkish, English and French: an Experimental Study.”
Eylül: Middle East of Technical University. Unpublished Thesis.
Verkerk, Annemarie. 2014. “The Evolutionary Dynamics of Motion Event
Encoding.” Netherlands: Ipskamp Drukkers. Unpublished Thesis.
Wardhaugh, R. 2006. “An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (5th edition).” United
Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
William, Croft 2003. “Typology and Universals (2nd edition).” United Kingdom:
Cambridge University Press.
Yin, Robert K. 2011. “Qualitative Research from Start to Finish.” New York:
The Guildford Press.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents some topics related to the background of the study,
the statement of the problems, the purpose of the study, significance of the study,
scope and limitation and definition of the key terms.
1.1
Background of the Study
Language is a complex phenomenon that is owned innately by the whole
human beings in this world. It has long been proven throughout history that
language is the best tool or media of transferring information among people in
order to communicate and to build relationship in their daily and social lives.
Wardhaugh (2006:1) states that language is what the members of a particular
society speak. In other words, language is the main tool of communication process
in interacting and expressing ideas among people.
To push communication forward, it is generally known that nowadays we
are living in gradually more internationalized and globalized world where
multilingual and multicultural interaction between people are continuously
happening day by day (Mustonen, 2010:5). This situation forces all people, let
alone for the educated ones, to know more than one language to be able to interact
in a global and multilingual environment. Accordingly, translation has a crucial
role to overcome this problem by which it can enable us to build communication
among different languages across cultures and countries all over the world. With
the help of cross-languages translation, people are able to get new information and
1
2
knowledge which always be shared across all linguistic boundaries (Mustonen,
2010:6). Therefore, Mustonen (2010:5) is felicitous to point out that translation is
an awfully topical issue in today's multicultural and multilingual world.
In connection with this, it is worth noting that translation becomes
progressively more essential in this globalization era. It is dreadfully interesting to
have a closer study on it. In the translation studies, there are many problematic
aspects that should be paid a special attention to. One of which is having a
comprehensible understanding about the characteristics of the language being
translated. However, it has long been known that every language has its own
characters in which it will lead us to confusion in translating them. Therefore, to
have a good ability in translating a language, it is an obligation to learn and
understand the whole aspects of language clearly. Noticeably, there are a large
number of translational aspects that are interesting to become a topic of
investigation in conducting a research (Mustonen, 2010:5). Hence, this present
study is limited only on investigating the use of motion event which is one of
translational aspects in Indonesian and English languages.
Motion event has been discussed since many years ago and it has been
considered to become one of the most topical issues in the area of linguistic study.
It is a study on finding out and classifying language typology based on how
languages differ in expressing ideas about motion. One important point that makes
it interesting to investigate is that having a closer look at motion events will make
us a professional translator. Besides, it will also lead us to know and to understand
the characteristics of the language in a comprehensible way. As what have been
3
mentioned above, knowing the characteristics of language is an extremely
essential thing in translation studies. Each language has its own ways in
expressing any events; the same exact way is highly unlikely to be found in other
languages. Another important point is that based on the writer’s personal
observation, it is shown that there are still very few researchers who study about
motion events in Indonesian context.
In general, all languages across the world can be categorized into a certain
typology. However, this study uses motion events’ framing as the foremost basis
to categorize language typology. Recently, the interest in research of motion event
keeps increasing in continuation. There have been many previous studies done by
many linguists across the world about motion events such as: Talmy 2000, 2001;
Matsumoto 2003; Slobin 2004, 2005, 2006; Sachs 2010; Fortis 2010; Toplu 2011;
Furman 2012; and many others. However, the revised typology of motion of
events proposed by Slobin (2006) is used in this present study since he has
conducted many researches which have been published in journals and articles
related to motion events. Therefore, the writer surely believes that Slobin’s
Typology is more accurate and is the best choice to be taken into account for this
present study.
After conducting many researches related to motion events, Slobin (2006)
arrives at a conclusion that all languages across the world can be categorized into
tripartite typology of language, they are: Verb-framed language, Satellite-framed
language and Equipollently-framed languages (serial-verb-constructions). In
verb-framed languages, it is more common to use bare verb--which means there
4
is no information about manner in a verb and the path is expressed by the main
verb in a clause like; enter (to go in), exit (to go out), ascend (to go up), etc. In
satellite-framed languages path is expressed by an element associated with the
verb like; go in/out/up, get down, fall of, fall into etc.) and very much attention is
taken to the use of manner verb like; walk, crawl, jump, etc. And in
Equipollently-framed languages, the use of a verb in one clause or sentence is
allowed for more than one or even two verbs successively.
Consider the following examples which are quoted from the Verkerk’s
(2014:1) study. He takes two headlines reporting the crossing of the Niagara Falls
by tightrope walker Nik Wallenda, one in English and one in French:
1. Nik Wallenda becomes the first person to walk on a tightrope across
Niagara Falls.
2. Le funambule Nik Wallenda traverse les chutes du Niagara sur un fil.
The English headline refers to Nik Wallenda walking across the Niagara
Falls on a tightrope, while the French headline indicates that he crossed the
Niagara Falls on a tightrope. It is almost certain that the two headlines encode the
same act in linguistically different ways. Therefore, Verkerk concludes that
English headline falls into satellite-framed language because it uses a verb which
signifies the manner of motion, walk, and a preposition, across. In contrary,
French headline is considered to be verb-framed language for it features a bare
verb that signifies the path of motion, traverser ‘to cross’ and the fact that Nik
Wallenda walked on the tightrope is not indicated by the French headline.
5
Slobin (2006:4) takes an example in the use of Equipollently-framed
language from Mandarin Chinese, as follows:
1.
fei1 chu1 lai2 yi1 zhi1 mao1tou2ying1
fly exit come one only owl only one owl exit fly come.
(serial-verb-constructions).
Although Equipollently-framed language typology is totally not allowed in
English because the use of more than one verb in one sentence successively ruins
the grammatical rule, it is commonly used for some other languages like
Mandarin Chinese, Indonesian language etc. For a deeper understanding, see how
Indonesian language freely translates those headlines in some versions as follows:
1. Nik Wallenda menjadi orang pertama yang berjalan di atas tali
melewati air terjun Niagara.
- Nik Wallenda becomes the first person to walk on a tightrope pass
Niagara Falls. (satellite-framed)-manner is emerged explicitely.
2. Nik Wallenda menyebrangi air terjun Niagara menggunakan tali.
- Nik Wallenda crosses Niagara Falls on a tightrope. (verb-framed)no information about manner.
3. Nik Wallenda adalah orang pertama yang berjalan melewati air
terjun Niagara dengan menggunakan tali.
- Nik Wallenda becomes first person to walk *pass Niagara Falls on
a tightrope. (equipollently-framed)-there are two verbs go together.
From the example versions above, it seems that Indonesian language is
somewhat flexible. It can even use the three typologies for one sentence which is
very unique. This case attracts the writer’s attention very much to conduct a
research on motion events in Indonesian language. However, Slobin (2006:5)
have classified some Austronesian languages in which Indonesian language falls
within equipollently-framed language and English is considered to be a satelliteframed language. Therefore, one of the aims of this study is to prove whether or
6
not the classification is applicable both for Indonesian and English by analyzing
the use of motion events in the English and Indonesian translation versions of
Holy Qur’an Chapter 30.
In relation to this present study, there are some previous studies that are
chosen as considerations and references about motion events. The first is Sachs
(2010) who conducted a study on the analysis of the motion events of Seri (a
language of the Mexican state of Sonora) using Talmy’s (2000) theory of motion
events typology based on publicly available texts. Sachs found out that Seri
language had a split system of conflation in the motion-actuating typology, with
Path, Figure, and Manner verbs that were used in a different typology of motion
events and the use of path verbs seemed to be the most characteristic. As a result,
in the further investigation, it revealed that Seri appeared to be verb-framed.
The second is Slobin (2004) who has done a sublimely interesting study
about motion events. The main focus of his study was on finding out the
differences among languages in cross linguistic on rhetorical styles-“that is, the
ways in which events are analyzed and described in discourse” (Slobin, 2004:5)
and typological issues-based on motion events’ framing using a narrative picture’s
story entitled “Frog, where are you?” as the object of analysis. From his study,
Slobin found out that there were three major components of motion events such
as; manner of motion, path, and ground elements (landmarks) that would make
languages differ in ways of describing motion events and rhetorical styles.
Like Slobin’s research, this present study is also intended to identify the
ways of describing motion events (rhetorical styles) and the typology of language
7
based on motion events’ framing between English and Indonesian language
translation versions of the Holy Quran as an object analysis that makes this study
different, unique and challenging.
Some linguistics studies have been done by many researchers using Holy
Qur’an as the object of analysis because Holy Qur’an contains many figurative
languages and other unique aspects of language which is roughly interesting to
analyze. Maula (2011) analyzed two types of metaphor—lexicalized and nonlexicalized—using ten examples, the context of verses and the techniques used in
translating metaphor based on four selected English translation versions of
metaphor in the Holy Qur’an. Finally, Maula found out that the translators used
different techniques in the same type of metaphors.
Last but not least, based on the writer’s personal observation, it comes to a
conclusion that there are still very few researches conducted on the use of motion
events in Indonesian and English translation versions of Holy Qur’an. Therefore,
the writer believes that Holy Qur’an becomes the most suitable choice of being
the object of analysis in this study.
1.2
Statement of the Problems
Based on the explanation above, there will be specific problems that are
formulated in this study, as follows:
1.
How are motion events formulated (according to Slobin’s typology of
motion events) based on the English and Indonesian translation versions of
Holy Qur’an Chapter 30?
8
2. Under which language typologies do both English and Indonesian
languages (according to Slobin’s typology of motion events) fall into based
on the translation versions of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30?
1.3
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study is to answer the questions above satisfactorily.
Therefore, the writer would like:
1. To investigate the formula of motion events (according to Slobin’s
typology of motion events) that are used in both English and Indonesian
translation versions of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30.
2. To find out the typology of both English and Indonesian languages
(according to Slobin’s typology of motion events) based on the translation
versions of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30.
1.4
Significance of the Study
It is expected that this study will be meaningfully able to give some
contributions or significances for readers or learners, lectures, and other
researchers:
1. For the readers and the learners.
Hopefully, the result of this study can give an additional knowledge to the
students about language typology based on motion events’ framing across
languages and is also expected to be able to help students deepen and
strengthen their understanding in linguistics and translation studies.
9
2. For the lectures of linguistics and translation studies
It is expected to become additional information and is able to increase
lecturers’ knowledge that would be useful in teaching translation studies
and linguistics particularly about motion events’ framing language.
3. For the next researchers
It is expected to help the next researchers use this study as an additional
reference in linguistic study and is able to attract their attention very much
in order to conduct further researches on the use of motion events’ framing
in many other languages.
1.5
Scope and Limitation
The scope in this study is on investigating the formula of motion events
and finding out the language typology in both English and Indonesian languages
(according to Slobin’s typology of motion events). The limitation of this study is
on the object that is the Holy Qur’an Chapter 30.
1.6
Definition of the Key Terms
To make the readers understand the terms used in this study easily, the
writer would like to present several definitions of the key terms as follows:
1.
Motion events is a “semantic domain that is important in all languages,
and it is one that exhibits distinctive types of lexicalization patterns crosslinguistically” which focuses on the change of location—in Talmy’s terms,
path (Slobin, 2003:4).
2.
Path is the trajectory or direction where the figure follows while moving
(Verkerk: 2014:41).
10
3.
Manner is “the way in which the action can be carried out” (Verkerk,
2014:44).
4.
Figure is the entity (a person or object) that moves (Verkerk 2014:41),
“whose site, path or orientation is concieved as a variable the particular
value of which is the relevant issue” (Talmy, 2000:184).
5.
Ground is a “reference entity, one that has a stationary setting relative to a
reference frame, with respect to which Figure’s site, path or orientation is
characterized” (Talmy, 2000:184).
6.
Language typology is roughly equal with ‘taxonomy’ or ‘classification’,
“a classification of the phenomenon under study into types,” which “refers
to a classification of structural types across languages” (Croft, 2003:1).
7.
Verb-framed language is a language typology which prefers “embedding
the PATH element into the main verb” such as the French verbs entrer (to
go in) or sortir (to go out). “The MANNER element is expressed by a
gerund or an adverbial in the language” (Toplu, 2011:9).
8.
Satellite-framed language is a language typology which prefers
“integrating the MANNER component into the main verbs,” like; crawl,
stagger or limp in the English verbs. “The PATH component is lexicalized
with a satellite construction, such as a particle or an affix like crawl in,
jump out, roll down, etc. (Toplu, 2011:12).
9.
Equipollently-framed language is a language typology in which “manner
and path are expressed by equivalent grammatical forms” (Slobin,
2004:25).
11
10. Translation is a way of rendering a source language (SL) text into the
target language (TL) to assure that the main message of the two will be
approximately similar (Bassnett, 2002:12).
11. Holy Qur’an is a “continuation of the previous divine Messages that
Allah sent to people via His Messengers throughout history” (Fatoohi,
2004).
BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE TRANSLATION
VERSIONS OF HOLY QUR’AN CHAPTER 30
THESIS
by:
MISYKATUL QADRI
201110100311102
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2015
AN ANALYSIS ON MOTION EVENTS: CROSS LINGUISTIC STUDY
BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE TRANSLATION
VERSIONS OF HOLY QUR’AN CHAPTER 30
THESIS
by:
MISYKATUL QADRI
201110100311102
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2015
AN ANALYSIS ON MOTION EVENTS: CROSS LINGUISTIC STUDY
BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE TRANSLATION
VERSIONS OF HOLY QUR’AN CHAPTER 30
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve
Sarjana Degree in English Education
by:
MISYKATUL QADRI
201110100311102
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2015
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
MOTTO
إن مع ال ع سر ي سرا
“Sesungguhnya sesudah kesulitan itu ada kemudahan”.
Verily, with every difficulty there is relief.
(Q.S. Alam Nasyrah:03)
“Work hard will not suffice without pray hard,
just do your best and Allah will do the rest”
Misykatul Qadri
DEDICATION
This thesis is especially dedicated to:
My beloved Father Abdul Muthalib
My dearest Mother Nor jannah
My lovely Sister Nurul Waqiyah
My gorgeous Brother Misykatul Andi
My special one Nurul Fazriani
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahirrabbil‘alamin
wassolatu
wassalamu‘ala
sayyidina
muhammadin wa’ala alihi wa sohbihi ajma’in. After going through a long and
challenging journey, the writer finally arrives at his most intended goal that is to
finish this thesis successfully. Accordingly, it is a precise time for the writer to
express his gratitude to all people who are engaged in this long and winding road.
But most of all, firstly, the writer would like to deliver his best gratitude to Allah
SWT for giving him guidance and blessing in order that the writer is able to finish
this thesis in time. Moreover, praises are also offered to the beloved Prophet,
Muhammad SAW as the best role model ever to all people around the world
especially Muslims.
Secondly, the writer warmly gives his uncountable thanks and appreciation
to his first advisor, Mr. Riski Lestiono, S.Pd., M.A who constantly guides, cares
and supports the writer to finish this thesis as soon as possible. Then, the writer
would like to convey his great gratitude to his kind second advisor, Mr. Hartono,
Dr., M.Pd who has given his support, suggestion, advice, and helpful correction to
construct an improvement during the writing process. Special thanks are also
dedicated to the writer’s academic counsellor, Mrs. Santi Prastiyowati, S.Pd.,
M.Pd who continually gives him advice throughout his study. The writer also
extends gratitude to all lecturers of English department of University of
Muhammadiyah Malang who have taught and given their knowledge patiently
during his study.
Thirdly, great, special, and huge gratitude are addressed to the writer’s
adored family and relatives. For my coolest father Abdul Muthalib, my dearest
and patient mother Nor jannah, my best sister Nurul Waqiyah and my smart
brother Misykatul Andi, uncles, aunties, and lovely cousins, many thanks are
presented for all their endless love, unlimited prayer, care, support, and
everything. The writer will always do his best for making them proud and happy.
Special prayer is delivered to my late grandmothers and grandfathers so that Allah
SWT may bless them and give His best place in Jannah. Amin ya Rabbal ‘alamin.
Finally, so much thanks are also delivered to all of the writer’s friends;
classmates, Co.trainers of P2KK, family of Jama’ah A.R Fachruddin, family of
LSO-Cendekia, Murobiies of Tarbiah Community, and many others for their
unlimited supports and prayers. Those will be the writer’s greatest and
unforgettable experience for the rest of his life.
Malang, January 20, 2015
The Writer,
Misykatul Qadri
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL......................................................................................................... i
LEGALIZATION................................................................................................ ii
MOTTO AND DEDICATION........................................................................... iii
ORIGINALITY DECLARATION.....................................................................iv
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................viii
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................. xi
LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................xii
LIST OF APPENDICES....................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study .............................................................................. 1
1.2 Statement of Problems ............................................................................ 7
1.3 Purpose of Study ..................................................................................... 7
1.4 Significance of Study .............................................................................. 8
1.5 Scope and Limitation .............................................................................. 9
1.6 Definition of Key Terms ......................................................................... 9
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Motion Event .......................................................................................... 12
2.2 Elements of Motion Events...................................................................... 14
2.2.1 Figure and Ground......................................................................... 15
2.2.2 Motion............................................................................................ 17
2.2.3 Path and Manner.............................................................................17
2.3 Talmy’s (2000) Typology of Motion Events.......................................... 20
2.4 Slobin’s (2006) Typology of Motion Events.......................................... 21
2.5 Typology of Language............................................................................ 25
2.5.1 Verb-framed Language..................................................................26
2.5.2 Satellite-framed Language.............................................................27
2.5.3 Equipollently-framed Language....................................................28
2.6 The Definition of Translation..................................................................29
2.7 The Holy Qur’an.....................................................................................30
2.8 Holy Qur’an Translations across the World...........................................30
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design ..................................................................................... 35
3.2 Research Object ....................................................................................... 36
3.3 Research Instrument ................................................................................ 37
3.4 Data Collection ........................................................................................ 38
3.5 Data Analysis .......................................................................................... 39
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Research Findings....................................................................................41
4.1.1 The Formula of Motion Events in English and Indonesian
Language Translation Versions of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30.........42
4.1.1.1 The Formula of Motion Events in English Translation
Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30..................................42
4.1.1.2 The Formula of Motion Events in Indonesian Language
Translation Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30...............47
4.1.2 The Typology of English and Indonesian language based on
the Translation Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30.....................51
4.1.2.1 Motion Events in English Translation Version of
Holy Qur’an.......................................................................51
4.1.2.2 Motion Events in Indonesian Language Translation
Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30...................................55
4.2 Discussion................................................................................................60
4.2.1 Disparity of English and Indonesian Languages on Motion
Events’ Formulation.......................................................................60
4.2.2 Serial Verbs Construction in English and Indonesian
Languages......................................................................................62
4.2.3 Revisiting Slobin’s (2006) Classification on Language Typology
based on Motion Events’ Framing.................................................63
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 69
5.2 Suggestions .............................................................................................. 71
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................73
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Linguistic Attention Maps..................................................................19
Figure 2.2 : The Illustration of Motion Event “going up the ladder”...................25
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 The Illustration of Verb with and without Motion............................... 13
Table 2.2 The Characteristics of Figure and Ground........................................... 16
Table 3.1 The Classification of Holy Qur’an Translation Versions based on
Motion Events’ Framing....................................................................... 40
Table 4.1 Verb-framed Language Typology found in English Translation
Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30...................................................... 52
Table 4.2 Satellite-framed Language Typology found in English Translation
Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30...................................................... 54
Table 4.3 Verb-framed Language Typology found in Indonesian Language
Translation Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30...................................
56
Table 4.4 Satellite-framed Language Typology found in Indonesian language
Translation Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30...................................
57
Table 4.5 Equipollently-framed Language Typology of Indonesian
Language Translation Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30.................. 58
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix I
Data Coding...................................................................................76
Appendix II Motion Event’s Formulation Mapping...........................................78
Appendix III Data Analysis..................................................................................86
REFERENCES
Aizul, Maula. 2011. “A Metaphor Translation of the Holy Qur’an: A
Comparative Analytical Study.” Jakarta: UIN Sayrif Hidayatullah Jakarta:
Unpublished Thesis.
Ali, M Alsaleh et, al. 2012. “Some Linguistic Difficulties in Translating the Holy
Quran from Arabic into English.” International Journal of Social Science
and Humanity. Vol. 2 No.6; November 2012.
AlMurshidi, G. 2013. “The Expression and Conceptualization of Motion through
Space and Manner of Motion in Arabic and English: A Comparative
Analysis.” May 2013 Vol. 2, Working Papers in Literacy, Culture, and
Language Education (WPLCLE). Bloomington: Indiana University.
Ashshiddiqi, Hasbi et, al. 1971. “Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahnya.” Jakarta: Yayasan
Penyelenggara Penterjemah/Penafsir Al’Qur’an.
Andersson, Richard 2005.“Talmy’s Manner in Event Perception: An EyeTracking Approach to Linguistic Relativity.” Lund University:
Unpublished Thesis.
Appel, R. & Musyken, P. 2005. “Language Contact and Bilingualism.”
Amsterdam: University Press.
Ary, Donald et al. 2010. “Introduction to Research in Education (8th edition).”
Canada: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
Bishtawi S, Adel 2013. “Origin of “Semitic” Languages Part II.” AuthorHouse
Publication.
Bassnett, S. 2002. “Translation Studies.” London: Routledge.
Creswell, John W. 2012. “Educational Research (4th edition).” Boston: Pearson
Education, Inc.
Emerson, Samantha N. 2013. “The Effect of Motion and Modality in Word
Learning in English.” Georgia State University: Unpublished Thesis.
Fatani, Afnan 2006. “Translation and the Qur'an. In Leaman, Oliver. The Qur'an:
an encyclopaedia.” Pp. 657–669. Great Britain: Routeledge.
Gentner & S. Goldin-Meadow (Eds.), 2003. “Language in Mind:Advances in the
Study of Language and Thought.” Pp. 157-192. Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press.
Hatim, B., & Munday, J. 2004. “Translation: An Advanced Resource Book.”
New York: Routledge.
Khashan A. Rafid, A. Al-Nasser. 2008. “The Collocation of Mubeen In The Holy
Quran.” Journal of the College of Arts. No. 45; 2008. Basrah: University
of Basrah.
Mack, Natasha et, al. 2005. “Qualitative Research Methods - A Data Collector's
Field Guide.” North Carolina: Family Health International.
Min, Anchee. 2004. “Empress Orchid” Great Britain: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Munday, J. 2010. “Introducing Translation Studies; Theories and Applications
(2nd edition).” New York: Routledge.
Mustonen, S. 2010. Translating Idioms: “A Case Study on Donna Tartt's The
Secret History and its Finnish Translation.” Jyväskylä: University of
Jyväskylä: Unpublished Thesis.
Malmkjaer, Kirsten 2005. “Linguistics and the Language of Translation.”
Edinburg: Edinburg University Press Ltd.
Matsumoto, Y. 2003. “Typologies of lexicalization patterns and event integration:
Clarifications and reformulations.” In S. Chiba, et al. (eds), Empirical and
theoretical investigations into language: A Festschrift for Masaru Kajita,
Kaitakush a, Tokyo, Pp. 403-418.
Nassimi, M. Daoud. 2008. “A Thematic Comparative Review of Some English
Translations of the Qur’an.” Birmingham: University of Birmingham:
Unpublished Thesis.
Shopen, Timothy 2007. “Language Typology and Syntactic Description (2nd
edition).” New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sachs, April E. 2010. “Motion Events in Seri: Applying Talmy’s Typologies.”
Grand Forks: University of North Dakota: Unpublished Thesis.
Slobin, D. I. 2004. “The Many Ways to Search for a Frog: Linguistic typology
and the expression of motion events.” In S. Strömqvist & L. Verhoeven
(Eds.). Relating events in narrative: Typological and Contextual
Perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Slobin, D. I. 2005a. “How People Move: Discourse Effects of Linguistic
Typology.” In A. Martinović-Zić & C. L. Moder (Eds.), Discourse across
languages and cultures. Pp. 191-206. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John
Benjamins.
Slobin, D. I. 2005b. “Linguistic Representations of Motion Events: What is
Signifier and What is Signified?” In C. Maeder, O. Fischer, & W.
Herlofsky (Eds.), Iconicity Inside out: Iconicity in Language and
Literature. No. 4 Pp. 307-322. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Slobin, D. I. 2005c. “Relating Events in Translation.” In D. Ravid: Perspectives
on Language and Language Development: Essays in honor of Ruth A.
Berman. Pp. 115-129. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Sugema, Sony 2004. “Qur’anic Digital Version 3 (DGV3).” (Online).
http://www.sonysugema.com/http://digital-quran-v3.blogspot.com.
Accessed on August 2014.
Thomason G. Sarah. 2001. “Language Contact.” Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press Ltd.
Talmy, L. 2007. “How Languages Represent Motion Events: Typologies and
Universals.” Invited presentation, Department of Linguistics and Applied
Language Studies. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University.
Talmy, L. 2000. “Toward a Cognitive Semantics: Vol. I: Toward a Cognitive
Semantics: Concept Structuring Systems.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Talmy, L. 2000. “Toward a Cognitive Semantics: Vol. II: Typology and Process
in Concept Structuring.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Toplu, Ayse B. 2011. “Linguistic Expression and Conceptual Representation of
Motion Events in Turkish, English and French: an Experimental Study.”
Eylül: Middle East of Technical University. Unpublished Thesis.
Verkerk, Annemarie. 2014. “The Evolutionary Dynamics of Motion Event
Encoding.” Netherlands: Ipskamp Drukkers. Unpublished Thesis.
Wardhaugh, R. 2006. “An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (5th edition).” United
Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
William, Croft 2003. “Typology and Universals (2nd edition).” United Kingdom:
Cambridge University Press.
Yin, Robert K. 2011. “Qualitative Research from Start to Finish.” New York:
The Guildford Press.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents some topics related to the background of the study,
the statement of the problems, the purpose of the study, significance of the study,
scope and limitation and definition of the key terms.
1.1
Background of the Study
Language is a complex phenomenon that is owned innately by the whole
human beings in this world. It has long been proven throughout history that
language is the best tool or media of transferring information among people in
order to communicate and to build relationship in their daily and social lives.
Wardhaugh (2006:1) states that language is what the members of a particular
society speak. In other words, language is the main tool of communication process
in interacting and expressing ideas among people.
To push communication forward, it is generally known that nowadays we
are living in gradually more internationalized and globalized world where
multilingual and multicultural interaction between people are continuously
happening day by day (Mustonen, 2010:5). This situation forces all people, let
alone for the educated ones, to know more than one language to be able to interact
in a global and multilingual environment. Accordingly, translation has a crucial
role to overcome this problem by which it can enable us to build communication
among different languages across cultures and countries all over the world. With
the help of cross-languages translation, people are able to get new information and
1
2
knowledge which always be shared across all linguistic boundaries (Mustonen,
2010:6). Therefore, Mustonen (2010:5) is felicitous to point out that translation is
an awfully topical issue in today's multicultural and multilingual world.
In connection with this, it is worth noting that translation becomes
progressively more essential in this globalization era. It is dreadfully interesting to
have a closer study on it. In the translation studies, there are many problematic
aspects that should be paid a special attention to. One of which is having a
comprehensible understanding about the characteristics of the language being
translated. However, it has long been known that every language has its own
characters in which it will lead us to confusion in translating them. Therefore, to
have a good ability in translating a language, it is an obligation to learn and
understand the whole aspects of language clearly. Noticeably, there are a large
number of translational aspects that are interesting to become a topic of
investigation in conducting a research (Mustonen, 2010:5). Hence, this present
study is limited only on investigating the use of motion event which is one of
translational aspects in Indonesian and English languages.
Motion event has been discussed since many years ago and it has been
considered to become one of the most topical issues in the area of linguistic study.
It is a study on finding out and classifying language typology based on how
languages differ in expressing ideas about motion. One important point that makes
it interesting to investigate is that having a closer look at motion events will make
us a professional translator. Besides, it will also lead us to know and to understand
the characteristics of the language in a comprehensible way. As what have been
3
mentioned above, knowing the characteristics of language is an extremely
essential thing in translation studies. Each language has its own ways in
expressing any events; the same exact way is highly unlikely to be found in other
languages. Another important point is that based on the writer’s personal
observation, it is shown that there are still very few researchers who study about
motion events in Indonesian context.
In general, all languages across the world can be categorized into a certain
typology. However, this study uses motion events’ framing as the foremost basis
to categorize language typology. Recently, the interest in research of motion event
keeps increasing in continuation. There have been many previous studies done by
many linguists across the world about motion events such as: Talmy 2000, 2001;
Matsumoto 2003; Slobin 2004, 2005, 2006; Sachs 2010; Fortis 2010; Toplu 2011;
Furman 2012; and many others. However, the revised typology of motion of
events proposed by Slobin (2006) is used in this present study since he has
conducted many researches which have been published in journals and articles
related to motion events. Therefore, the writer surely believes that Slobin’s
Typology is more accurate and is the best choice to be taken into account for this
present study.
After conducting many researches related to motion events, Slobin (2006)
arrives at a conclusion that all languages across the world can be categorized into
tripartite typology of language, they are: Verb-framed language, Satellite-framed
language and Equipollently-framed languages (serial-verb-constructions). In
verb-framed languages, it is more common to use bare verb--which means there
4
is no information about manner in a verb and the path is expressed by the main
verb in a clause like; enter (to go in), exit (to go out), ascend (to go up), etc. In
satellite-framed languages path is expressed by an element associated with the
verb like; go in/out/up, get down, fall of, fall into etc.) and very much attention is
taken to the use of manner verb like; walk, crawl, jump, etc. And in
Equipollently-framed languages, the use of a verb in one clause or sentence is
allowed for more than one or even two verbs successively.
Consider the following examples which are quoted from the Verkerk’s
(2014:1) study. He takes two headlines reporting the crossing of the Niagara Falls
by tightrope walker Nik Wallenda, one in English and one in French:
1. Nik Wallenda becomes the first person to walk on a tightrope across
Niagara Falls.
2. Le funambule Nik Wallenda traverse les chutes du Niagara sur un fil.
The English headline refers to Nik Wallenda walking across the Niagara
Falls on a tightrope, while the French headline indicates that he crossed the
Niagara Falls on a tightrope. It is almost certain that the two headlines encode the
same act in linguistically different ways. Therefore, Verkerk concludes that
English headline falls into satellite-framed language because it uses a verb which
signifies the manner of motion, walk, and a preposition, across. In contrary,
French headline is considered to be verb-framed language for it features a bare
verb that signifies the path of motion, traverser ‘to cross’ and the fact that Nik
Wallenda walked on the tightrope is not indicated by the French headline.
5
Slobin (2006:4) takes an example in the use of Equipollently-framed
language from Mandarin Chinese, as follows:
1.
fei1 chu1 lai2 yi1 zhi1 mao1tou2ying1
fly exit come one only owl only one owl exit fly come.
(serial-verb-constructions).
Although Equipollently-framed language typology is totally not allowed in
English because the use of more than one verb in one sentence successively ruins
the grammatical rule, it is commonly used for some other languages like
Mandarin Chinese, Indonesian language etc. For a deeper understanding, see how
Indonesian language freely translates those headlines in some versions as follows:
1. Nik Wallenda menjadi orang pertama yang berjalan di atas tali
melewati air terjun Niagara.
- Nik Wallenda becomes the first person to walk on a tightrope pass
Niagara Falls. (satellite-framed)-manner is emerged explicitely.
2. Nik Wallenda menyebrangi air terjun Niagara menggunakan tali.
- Nik Wallenda crosses Niagara Falls on a tightrope. (verb-framed)no information about manner.
3. Nik Wallenda adalah orang pertama yang berjalan melewati air
terjun Niagara dengan menggunakan tali.
- Nik Wallenda becomes first person to walk *pass Niagara Falls on
a tightrope. (equipollently-framed)-there are two verbs go together.
From the example versions above, it seems that Indonesian language is
somewhat flexible. It can even use the three typologies for one sentence which is
very unique. This case attracts the writer’s attention very much to conduct a
research on motion events in Indonesian language. However, Slobin (2006:5)
have classified some Austronesian languages in which Indonesian language falls
within equipollently-framed language and English is considered to be a satelliteframed language. Therefore, one of the aims of this study is to prove whether or
6
not the classification is applicable both for Indonesian and English by analyzing
the use of motion events in the English and Indonesian translation versions of
Holy Qur’an Chapter 30.
In relation to this present study, there are some previous studies that are
chosen as considerations and references about motion events. The first is Sachs
(2010) who conducted a study on the analysis of the motion events of Seri (a
language of the Mexican state of Sonora) using Talmy’s (2000) theory of motion
events typology based on publicly available texts. Sachs found out that Seri
language had a split system of conflation in the motion-actuating typology, with
Path, Figure, and Manner verbs that were used in a different typology of motion
events and the use of path verbs seemed to be the most characteristic. As a result,
in the further investigation, it revealed that Seri appeared to be verb-framed.
The second is Slobin (2004) who has done a sublimely interesting study
about motion events. The main focus of his study was on finding out the
differences among languages in cross linguistic on rhetorical styles-“that is, the
ways in which events are analyzed and described in discourse” (Slobin, 2004:5)
and typological issues-based on motion events’ framing using a narrative picture’s
story entitled “Frog, where are you?” as the object of analysis. From his study,
Slobin found out that there were three major components of motion events such
as; manner of motion, path, and ground elements (landmarks) that would make
languages differ in ways of describing motion events and rhetorical styles.
Like Slobin’s research, this present study is also intended to identify the
ways of describing motion events (rhetorical styles) and the typology of language
7
based on motion events’ framing between English and Indonesian language
translation versions of the Holy Quran as an object analysis that makes this study
different, unique and challenging.
Some linguistics studies have been done by many researchers using Holy
Qur’an as the object of analysis because Holy Qur’an contains many figurative
languages and other unique aspects of language which is roughly interesting to
analyze. Maula (2011) analyzed two types of metaphor—lexicalized and nonlexicalized—using ten examples, the context of verses and the techniques used in
translating metaphor based on four selected English translation versions of
metaphor in the Holy Qur’an. Finally, Maula found out that the translators used
different techniques in the same type of metaphors.
Last but not least, based on the writer’s personal observation, it comes to a
conclusion that there are still very few researches conducted on the use of motion
events in Indonesian and English translation versions of Holy Qur’an. Therefore,
the writer believes that Holy Qur’an becomes the most suitable choice of being
the object of analysis in this study.
1.2
Statement of the Problems
Based on the explanation above, there will be specific problems that are
formulated in this study, as follows:
1.
How are motion events formulated (according to Slobin’s typology of
motion events) based on the English and Indonesian translation versions of
Holy Qur’an Chapter 30?
8
2. Under which language typologies do both English and Indonesian
languages (according to Slobin’s typology of motion events) fall into based
on the translation versions of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30?
1.3
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study is to answer the questions above satisfactorily.
Therefore, the writer would like:
1. To investigate the formula of motion events (according to Slobin’s
typology of motion events) that are used in both English and Indonesian
translation versions of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30.
2. To find out the typology of both English and Indonesian languages
(according to Slobin’s typology of motion events) based on the translation
versions of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30.
1.4
Significance of the Study
It is expected that this study will be meaningfully able to give some
contributions or significances for readers or learners, lectures, and other
researchers:
1. For the readers and the learners.
Hopefully, the result of this study can give an additional knowledge to the
students about language typology based on motion events’ framing across
languages and is also expected to be able to help students deepen and
strengthen their understanding in linguistics and translation studies.
9
2. For the lectures of linguistics and translation studies
It is expected to become additional information and is able to increase
lecturers’ knowledge that would be useful in teaching translation studies
and linguistics particularly about motion events’ framing language.
3. For the next researchers
It is expected to help the next researchers use this study as an additional
reference in linguistic study and is able to attract their attention very much
in order to conduct further researches on the use of motion events’ framing
in many other languages.
1.5
Scope and Limitation
The scope in this study is on investigating the formula of motion events
and finding out the language typology in both English and Indonesian languages
(according to Slobin’s typology of motion events). The limitation of this study is
on the object that is the Holy Qur’an Chapter 30.
1.6
Definition of the Key Terms
To make the readers understand the terms used in this study easily, the
writer would like to present several definitions of the key terms as follows:
1.
Motion events is a “semantic domain that is important in all languages,
and it is one that exhibits distinctive types of lexicalization patterns crosslinguistically” which focuses on the change of location—in Talmy’s terms,
path (Slobin, 2003:4).
2.
Path is the trajectory or direction where the figure follows while moving
(Verkerk: 2014:41).
10
3.
Manner is “the way in which the action can be carried out” (Verkerk,
2014:44).
4.
Figure is the entity (a person or object) that moves (Verkerk 2014:41),
“whose site, path or orientation is concieved as a variable the particular
value of which is the relevant issue” (Talmy, 2000:184).
5.
Ground is a “reference entity, one that has a stationary setting relative to a
reference frame, with respect to which Figure’s site, path or orientation is
characterized” (Talmy, 2000:184).
6.
Language typology is roughly equal with ‘taxonomy’ or ‘classification’,
“a classification of the phenomenon under study into types,” which “refers
to a classification of structural types across languages” (Croft, 2003:1).
7.
Verb-framed language is a language typology which prefers “embedding
the PATH element into the main verb” such as the French verbs entrer (to
go in) or sortir (to go out). “The MANNER element is expressed by a
gerund or an adverbial in the language” (Toplu, 2011:9).
8.
Satellite-framed language is a language typology which prefers
“integrating the MANNER component into the main verbs,” like; crawl,
stagger or limp in the English verbs. “The PATH component is lexicalized
with a satellite construction, such as a particle or an affix like crawl in,
jump out, roll down, etc. (Toplu, 2011:12).
9.
Equipollently-framed language is a language typology in which “manner
and path are expressed by equivalent grammatical forms” (Slobin,
2004:25).
11
10. Translation is a way of rendering a source language (SL) text into the
target language (TL) to assure that the main message of the two will be
approximately similar (Bassnett, 2002:12).
11. Holy Qur’an is a “continuation of the previous divine Messages that
Allah sent to people via His Messengers throughout history” (Fatoohi,
2004).