Suggested Community-driven Development-related Design Features
Box 6: Suggested Community-driven Development-related Design Features
The evaluation by the Operations Evaluation Department (OED) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in 2004 of the effectiveness of participatory approaches as applied in rural development projects in ADB had several useful suggestions on new design features that are required to (i) give purchasing power to beneficiaries to let them hold providers accountable, (ii) provide appropriate incentives to providers, and (iii) develop mechanisms to encourage competition. Each of these is also directly applicable to the improvement of CDD operations because they lead to the kind of downward accountability needed to avoid elite capture and exclusion. The suggestions made there include the following:
x Building client or beneficiary power by allocating budgets to different agents (local governments, contractors, nongovernment organizations (NGOs), and community-based organizations, based on beneficiary satisfaction and feedback through the use of such instruments as beneficiary (citizen/community) report cards.
x Generating competition among providers by allowing beneficiaries to choose providers from multiple choices (government, private, NGO, etc.). This is particularly relevant for construction of infrastructure in community subprojects.
x Distributing project funds available for a village to targeted beneficiaries in the form of development coupons as a means of financial empowerment and demand-side financing. x For village infrastructure with wide benefits, setting up an operation and maintenance fund by giving a one-time grant and then raising cash contributions from the community to ensure that the physical assets created are properly maintained. Management of the fund should be democratic and transparent.
x For group infrastructure with mostly individual-level benefits (e.g., small-scale irrigation systems),
matching grants from beneficiaries as a prerequisite for receiving funding from external sources. Source: ADB OED (2004).
188. Increasing Volume. If, as recommended here, the decision is made to increase the volume of CDD projects in ADB, the following are potential types of projects or actions:
x Multisector Integrated Service Delivery and Local Government Projects. Although the majority of CDD projects in the ADB portfolio was multisector, there were virtually no large-scale programs like KDP and Kalahi-CIDSS. Developing such programs holds the most potential to achieve most impact and volume of lending for CDD.
x Social Funds. As seen from the experience of both the World Bank and IDB, SIFs are very effective tools for applying the CDD approach. In applying the social fund approach, it must be kept in mind that such funds are meant to be complementary to existing institutional structures and, like the example of MASAF-III, should ideally involve a clear exit or merging strategy.
x Post-conflict/Disaster Projects. As discussed in the review, the use of the CDD approach is perhaps best warranted in post-conflict/disaster settings. ADB should consider using a CDD approach in its response to such crises in future.
x Cultivating Demand from DMCs. To encourage greater acceptance and willingness to take on a CDD approach in their country projects, DMC officials should be invited to review successful examples of CDD projects across the Asia and Pacific region. Learning events, peer exchanges, x Cultivating Demand from DMCs. To encourage greater acceptance and willingness to take on a CDD approach in their country projects, DMC officials should be invited to review successful examples of CDD projects across the Asia and Pacific region. Learning events, peer exchanges,
5.3 Addressing Institutional Constraints 189.
On the institutional front, the review has shown that there is already a body of experience in ADB with the CDD approach. There are undoubtedly many other grant-financed initiatives and lessons from implementation that were not captured in this review. However, based on the review and staff feedback, the following are some institutional changes that would be needed to create an enabling environment for promoting CDD in both the short and medium term:
x Building Staff Resources. To take on CDD operations effectively, ADB needs to increase the social development expertise of its staff. This can be done both by hiring CDD experts, either permanently or as technical consultants, and training existing staff on CDD methods. 116
x Building a Knowledge Base. ADB, through RSDD, needs to build an appropriate knowledge base of CDD experiences. This should encompass case studies of good practices that can serve as benchmarks for task managers. Establishing a working group on CDD may also be considered.
x Allowing Sufficient Time for Design and Good Supervision. Given the grassroots nature of CDD programs, the established norms of design and project supervision would have to be expanded to introduce stability and sustainability. For instance, project officers who design CDD intervention should ideally oversee implementation over the years in which the programs are scaled-up.
x Introducing Flexibility. Based on the experience of the World Bank, ADB could consider flexible lending instruments, such as APLs or LILs, to facilitate the use of CDD. Further, this flexibility has to extend to design and experimentation with new ideas, such as devolving decision making from project management units to communities, which has not been the convention in ADB. 117
x Creating a Culture of Participatory Development. Finally, the use of a CDD approach can only succeed if there is a genuine faith in a participatory approach and social development, which from the staff feedback seems to be currently lacking. Confidence in the approach could be developed by showcasing successful examples of CDD from within and outside ADB, and developing an appropriate strategy for mainstreaming participatory approaches in operations.
5.4 Areas for Further Research
190. The suggestions for further areas of research are: x Deeper Review of ADB Experience. Given that this desk review focused only on RRP
documents and some staff consultations, there is perhaps a case to extend the present analysis by
a deeper look at other sources of information, such as JFPR grants and TAs, or mid-term reviews of implementation experience to get a better understanding of what has been done and achieved in ADB in using a CDD approach.
The learning modules in the Capacity Development Action Plan that is currently being developed by RSCG could include CDD training modules.
From comments by Shane Rosenthal, ECRD, submitted 6 April 2006.
x Review of CDD Experience of Other Institutions. Due to time constraints and the limited scope of the present study, it could only explore the experience of two institutions in implementing CDD. This should ideally be complemented by a review of experience in other organizations, such as bilateral donors.
x Case Studies of Good Experience with CDD. As suggested above, ADB also needs to build a repository of good practices and examples of using CDD in its operations that can serve as learning tools for potential and existing staff task team leaders running CDD projects.
x Impact Evaluation of Well-developed CDD Operations. Finally, in order to strengthen the case
for using a CDD approach, ADB should also directly or through the OED consider running impact evaluations of existing or future CDD projects.
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———. 2006. Medium-Term Strategy II (2006-2008). Manila. ADB OED (Operations Evaluation Department). 2004. Effectiveness of Participatory Approaches: Do the
New Approaches Offer and Effective Solution to the Conventional Problems in Rural Development Projects? Manila. December.
Binswanger, H.P., and Swaminathan S. Aiyer. 2003. Scaling Up Community-Driven Development – Theoretical Underpinnings and Program Design Implications. Policy Research Working Paper No. 3039. Washington, DC: World Bank Africa Regional Office. May.
Dahl-Ostergaard, T., D. Moore, V. Ramirez, M. Wenner, and A. Bonde. 2003. Community-Driven Rural Development – What have we Learned? Sustainable Development Department, Technical Paper Series. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank. October.
Davis, G. 2002. Who We Are and What We Do – A Contribution to the Social Development Strategy. Social Development Department. Washington, DC: World Bank. September.
Gandhi, M.K. 1962. Village Swaraj. Ahmedabad: Navjivan Press. Gillespie, S. 2004. Scaling up Community-Driven Development: A Synthesis of Experience. FCND
Discussion Paper No.181. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. June. Guggenheim, S., T. Wiranto, Y. Prasta, and S. Wong. 2004. Indonesia’s Kecamatan Development
Program: A Large-Scale Use of Community Development to Reduce Poverty. A Case Study for “Scaling Up Poverty Reduction: A Global Learning Process and Conference.” Shanghai, 25-27 May.
Helling, L., R. Serrano, and D. Warren. 2005. Linking Community Empowerment, Decentralized Governance, and Public Service Provision through a Local Development Framework. Social Protection Discussion Paper No. 0535. Washington, DC: World Bank. September
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). 1998. The Use of Social Investment Funds as an Instrument for Combating Poverty. Strategy Paper No. POV-104. Washington, DC. December.
———. 2004. Strategy for Promoting Citizen Participation in Bank Activities Washington, DC. May. Krueger, Anne O. 1990. Government Failures in Development. Journal of Economic Perspectives 3(4): 9-
Mansuri, G., and Vijeyendra Rao. 2004. Community-Based and -Driven Development: A Critical Review. Policy Research Working Paper No. 3209. Washington, DC: World Bank. February.
McNiel, M., and K. Keuhnast, with Anna O’Donnel. 2004. Assessing Capacity for Community Based Development – A Pilot Study in Tajikistan. Washington, DC: World Bank Institute. December.
Rawlings, L.B., L. Sherburne-Benze, and J. Van Domelen. 2004. Evaluating Social Funds – A Cross- Country Analysis of Community Investments. Regional and Sector Studies. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Stiglitz, J. 2002. Participation and Development – Perspectives from the Comprehensive Development Paradigm. Review of Development Economics 6 (2): 163–182.
Strand, A., H. Toje, A.M. Jerve, and I. Samsen. 2003. Community Driven Development in Contexts of Conflict (Concept Paper Commissioned by ESSD Network, The World Bank). Bergen: Chr. Michelsen Institute.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2002. Human Development Report 2002: Deepening Democracy in a Fragmented World. New York.
World Bank OED (World Bank Operations Evaluation Department). 2002. Social Funds – Assessing Effectiveness. Washington, DC.
———. 2005. The Effectiveness of World Bank Support for Community-Based and -Driven Development, An OED Evaluation. Washington, DC.
World Bank. 2001. World Bank Lending Instruments – Resources for Development Impact. Operations Policy and Country Services Division. Washington, DC. July.
———. 2002. The World Bank Empowerment Sourcebook. Washington, DC. May. ———. 2003. The World Bank PRSP Sourcebook. Chapter 9 – Community Driven Development.
Washington, DC. February. ———. 2004. World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People. Washington,
DC. ———. 2005a. Exploring Partnerships between Communities and Local Governments in Community
Driven Development – A Framework. Social Development Department. Washington, DC. June. ———. 2005b. Empowering the Poor – The Kalahi-CIDSS Community Driven Development Project – A
Toolkit of Concepts and Cases. Washington, DC. June. ———. 2006. DPIP (District Poverty Initiatives Project) Joint Interim Assessment: Understanding
Differences in Project Design. Washington, DC. (Draft).
ANNEX 1: Summary of Conceptual Framework for Review
Conceptual Introduction: x What is CDD? x Key design elements x Why is it useful? x When is it used? x Limitations
A. Portfolio Analysis:
x Review projects (2001–2005)
CDD/CBD Experience
and pick out universe of ADB’s
Elsewhere
CDD projects based on chosen x Significant experiences
identifying features/criteria of World Bank, others
x Analyze emerging universe of x Lessons learnt
ADB’s CDD projects in terms of different classification criteria (e.g. sector, type of
CDD/CBD Experience in ADB
loan, institutional
x Evolution of CDD/CBD
arrangements)
x Review of existing literature x Analysis of CDD/CBD in ADB
using 2 kinds of analysis— portfolios and case studies
B. Case Study Analysis:
x Select representative sample of CDD projects for case study analysis
x Identify core CDD features of selected projects x Identify strengths and weaknesses in design and implementation through document review and
x Interview project staff on
interviews with project officers current status of projects,
Findings
x Lessons learned
evaluation reports,
x Operational problems and policy
policy/operations issues
issues
x Review evaluation reports
x Potential for increased CDD
x Identify policy, operations
application
issues
x Design issues
Recommendations
x Options for a future strategy on CDD in ADB
ANNEX 2: Estimated Portfolio of World Bank CDD Projects FY 2000–2005
World Bank CDD Type (US$ million) 1/
Community Control
CDD
ar
without direct
Share of
ic ow t
p ator
3 Management of Invest.
ol d ci ts n
Total = CDD ti
jective Primary Source of ie ar me Fiscal
Comm-
Support to Comm. No.
IBRD/ Amount ($
col(9)/col(
unity
Year , IDA ) 2/ yp
Region Country
Name of Project
D Control
ron ms
gb O
Amount (excl.
enabling projects
n ef cal
o Invt Funds
oc , govt.
n tor
have share
ec ag vate al age
ec El gove er ri En tr
1 2000 AFRICA Rwanda Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Water & San. 3 20.0 15.5 77.5 2.5 2.5 13.0 0.0 0.0 2 2000
National Rural Infra. Project
Law & Justice
Social Investment Fund
Other Social
WS&S for Low Income Comm. II Water & San.
Social Investment Fund II
Other Social
7.6 4.1 53.9 0.0 0.0 4.1 0.0 0.0 7 2000 ECA Kyrgyz Rep. On-farm Irrigation
ECA
Georgia
Agricultural Research Extension
Agricultural Support Services
Water & San.
5 5.0 4.2 84.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 0.0 0.0 11 2000 SAR Bangladesh National Nutrition Program Health 1 70.0 40.0 57.1 4.3
LCR
Colombia
Sierra Nevada Sustainable Dev.
Multisector
0.0 0.0 0.0 40.0 12 2000 SAR India District Poverty Initiatives Project (DPIP)
75.7 18.0 0.0 84.0 0.0 0.0 13 2000 SAR India
Agriculture 4 111.0 84.0
95.4 0.2 0.0 80.0 0.0 15.9 14 2001 AFRICA Burkina Faso
Rajasthan DPIP
Agriculture 4 100.5 95.9
Community-Based Rural Dev.
Multisector
1 50.0 34.0 68.0 0.0 0.7 33.3 0.0 0.0 16 2001 AFRICA Ethiopia Women's Development Initiatives Other Social
AFRICA Cameroon
Multi-sectoral HIV/AIDS Project
Health
World Bank CDD Type (US$ million) 1/
Community Control
CDD
ar
without direct
ic Share of ow t
d p ol ator ts
3 Management of Invest.
Primary Source of
Fiscal
IBRD/ Amount ($ col(9)/col(
Name of Project
Support to Comm.
No. Region Country
Sector
me
Type" IDA
Amount (excl.
n vi ef C cal Invt Funds
enabling projects
oc tor , govt.
ge env.) d have share al mak d d l me cy ( ec s n cy) n
ec ag vate El gove
HIV/AIDS Rapid Response
Health 1 25.0 19.2 76.8 0.0 1.6 17.6 0.0 0.0 19 2001 AFRICA Kenya HIV/AIDS Project (Umbrella) Health 1 50.0 27.0
AFRICA
Ghana
AIDS Response Project
54.0 0.0 0.0 27.0 0.0 0.0 20 2001 AFRICA Madagascar Community Development Project Multisector 5 110.0 99.4 90.4 0.0
0.0 3.4 21 2001 AFRICA Madagascar Rural Development Support Multisector
5 60.0 56.1 93.5 3.9 0.0 56.1 0.0 0.0 23 2001 AFRICA Rwanda Rural Sector Support Project Multisector
AFRICA
Nigeria
Community Based Poverty Red.
Social Development Fund Program Other Social
National Ag. Advisory Services Agriculture
100.0 0.0 0.0 320.2 0.0 0.0 27 2001 EAP Indonesia Library Development Project Multisector
EAP
Indonesia
Kecamatan Dev. Program II
Other Social
Agricultural Development Project
Viet Nam
Community-Based Rural Infrastr.
5 10.0 7.5 75.0 1.1 7.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 31 2001 ECA Bosnia- Herzegovina
ECA
Albania
Social Services Dev.
Other Social
5 15.0 13.9 92.3 0.0 0.8 13.1 0.0 0.0 32 2001 ECA Macedonia Child/Youth Development Other Social
Community Development
Other Social
Community Dev. & Culture LIL
Other Social
Northern Restructuring
Other Social
LCR
Argentina
Indigenous Community Dev.
Other Social
World Bank CDD Type (US$ million) 1/
Community Control
CDD
ar
without direct
ic Share of ow
ol d t
ator
3 Management of Invest.
jective Primary Source of Fiscal n IBRD/ Amount ($
Support to Comm. No.
col(9)/col(
rn
unity
Year ve IDA
Region Country
Name of Project
Amount (excl.
n ef Invt Funds
have share
vate age El En gove
Health Sector Reform APL II
Indigenous Peoples LIL
Land Based Poverty-Alleviation I
Rural Poverty Reduction - PI
Rural Poverty Reduction - CE
Rural Poverty Reduction - PE
Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Water & San.
3 8.0 6.8 85.0 0.0 0.0 6.8 0.0 0.0 44 2001 LCR Honduras Community-Based Education Education 1 41.5 27.4
LCR
Honduras
Access to Land Pilot (PACTA)
Agriculture
5 60.0 50.6 84.3 5.0 12.6 38.0 0.0 0.0 46 2001 MNA West Bank & Gaza
LCR
Nicaragua
Poverty Red. & Local Dev. FISE
Multisector
5 8.0 5.3 66.3 0.5 0.0 5.3 0.0 0.0 47 2001 SAR India Karnataka Watershed Dev. Agriculture 3 100.4 55.0
2nd Palestinian NGO Project
Other Social
54.8 2.0 0.0 55.0 0.0 0.0 48 2001 SAR India
0.0 0.0 49 2001 SAR India
Kerala RWSS
Water & Sanitation
MP DPIP
Agriculture 4 110.0 90.0 81.8
20.0 93.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 51 2002 AFRICA Benin
SAR
Pakistan
NWFP On-farm Water Mgmt.
Agriculture 3 21.4
0.0 0.8 52 2002 AFRICA Burundi Multisector HIV/AIDS & Orphans Multisector
HIV/AIDS Multi Sector
Health 1 23.0 11.8 51.3 0.0
0.0 3.4 53 2002 AFRICA Cape Verde
HIV/AIDS
Multisector
World Bank CDD Type (US$ million) 1/ s d Community Control
CDD
ar
without direct
Share of ow ic
ator
3 Management of Invest.
jective Primary Source of Fiscal n IBRD/ Amount ($
Support to Comm. No.
col(9)/col(
Region Country
Name of Project
Amount (excl.
(selected
ron or D and Mgt of
n ef N ($ tor enabling , govt.
cal Invt Funds
env.) have share
is ec ec ag vate al el age ri
En tu
ec El gove er n tr
54 2002 AFRICA Ethiopia
1.7 0.0 0.0 3.0 55 2002 AFRICA Ethiopia
Cultural Heritage
Food Security
Community Based Urban Dev.
Nutrition Enhancement Program
Rural Water Supply & San.
Water Sanitation
Urban Poverty Project II
Multisector
0.0 0.0 19.3 0.0 0.0 61 2002 EAP Mongolia Sustainable Livelihoods Project Multisector
EAP
Lao PDR
Poverty Reduction Fund Project
5.6 2.9 51.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 63 2002 ECA Armenia Natural Resource Management Agriculture 3
ECA
Albania
Pilot Fishery Development
Agriculture 3
0.0 13.0 65 2002 ECA Romania
ECA Kyrgyz Rep.
Rural WS & Sanitation
Water & Sanitation
Rural Development
Social Development Fund II
Other Social
6 13.8 11.4 82.6 0.0 0.0 11.4 0.0 0.0 68 2002 ECA Ukraine Social Investment Fund Other Social
ECA
Tajikistan
Poverty Alleviation 2
Other Social
2nd Rural Poverty Reduction
5 20.8 18.0 86.5 0.0 0.0 18.0 0.0 0.0 71 2002 LCR Brazil 3rd School Imp. (Fundescola)
LCR
Brazil
Sergipe Rural Poverty Reduction
Multisector
Health / Education
World Bank CDD Type (US$ million) 1/
Community Control
CDD
ar
without direct
Share of ow ic
ator
3 Management of Invest.
Primary Source of
Support to Comm. No.
Fiscal
IBRD/ Amount ($
rn
unity
Region Country
Name of Project
Sector
CDD
col(9)/col(
C cal Invt Funds
a t n N tor
enabling projects
n ef o
oc , govt.
env.) have share
ec ag vate
El gove er tr
72 2002 LCR Colombia Productive Partnerships Multisector
Poverty Red. & Local Rural Dev.
Multisector
64.0 1.3 1.5 1.7 0.0 0.0 75 2002 LCR Nicaragua Land Administration Law & Justice
LCR
Honduras
Sustainable Coastal Tourism
Industry 4 5.0 3.2
4 38.5 20.0 51.9 18.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 76 2002 LCR Paraguay Pilot Community Development Project
Multisector 5
6 5.0 4.5 90.0 0.0 1.0 3.5 0.0 0.0 78 2002 MNA West Bank & Gaza
MNA
Morocco
Social Development Agency
Multisector
5 10.0 6.7 67.0 3.0 0.0 6.7 0.0 0.0 79 2002 SAR India
Integrated Community Develop.
Multisector
0.0 0.0 80 2002 SAR India
Karnataka RWS II Sanitation Water
65.0 14.2 0.0 81.3 0.0 0.0 81 2002 SAR India
Karnataka Tank Mgmt. Agriculture 3 125.0 81.3
Agriculture 3 140.0 121.9 87.1 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 121.9 82 2002 SAR India
RAJ WSRP
0.0 0.0 83 2003 AFRICA Angola Demobilization & Reintegration Multisector
UP WSRP
Agriculture 3 149.2 114.0 76.4 35.0 114.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 7.2 7.2 84 2003 AFRICA Ghana Promoting Partnerships with Traditional Authorities
AFRICA Madagascar Rural Transport Project-Phase III
Third Social Action
Other Social
AFRICA Sierra Leone
National Social Action Project Other Social
Particip. Agr. Dev & Empower.
North Uganda Social Action Fund Multisector
World Bank CDD Type (US$ million) 1/
Community Control
CDD
ar
without direct
ic Share of ow t
d p ol ator ts
3 Management of Invest.
Primary Source of
Fiscal
IBRD/ Amount ($ col(9)/col(
Name of Project
Support to Comm.
No. Region Country
Sector
me
Type" IDA
Amount (excl.
n vi ef C cal Invt Funds
enabling projects
oc tor , govt.
ge env.) d have share al mak d d l me cy ( ec s n cy) n
ec ag vate El gove
Provincial and Peri-Urban WS&S
Rural Inv. & Local Governance
Philippines Agrarian Reform Comm. Dev. II
Kalahi – CIDSS
Multisector
6 33.6 33.3 99.0 0.0 4.7 28.6 0.0 0.0 95 2003 ECA Albania
EAP
Philippines ARMM Soc. Fund for Peace & Dev Other Social
0.0 0.0 0.0 8.3 96 2003 ECA Bulgaria Social Investment Fund Other Social
Community Works 2 Multisector
6 15.0 12.7 84.7 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 11.7 98 2003 ECA Romania Irrigation Rehabilitation Agriculture
ECA
Georgia
Social Investment Fund 2
Other Social
0.0 30.0 99 2003 ECA Russia Health Reform Implementation Health 1 30.0 20.0 66.7 10.0 10.0 0.0 10.0
74.9 5.0 35.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 101 2003 LCR Honduras Regional Development Multisector 5 11.0
2003 LCR
Guatemala
Second Rural Roads & Mainten
National Community Dev.
National Water Supply & Sanit.
Water & San.
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 105 2003 LCR Peru
2003 LCR
Peru
Lima Water Rehab - Add'l Fin.
Water & San.
Rural Education
Rural Employment II
Rainfed Agri. Dev.
Municipal Development III
Multisector
World Bank CDD Type (US$ million) 1/
Community Control
CDD
ar
without direct
Share of ow ic
p ator
3 Management of Invest.
Primary Source of Fiscal
Support to Comm. No.
IBRD/ Amount ($ col(9)/col(
Region Country
Name of Project
Type" IDA
Amount (excl.
cal Invt Funds
n ef n N
enabling projects
oc tor d , govt.
env.) have share
is ec ec ag vate al age
El gove er ri En tr
NW Mt. Areas and Forestry Dev. Agriculture
13.0 54.2 1.0 13.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 111 2003 SAR Bangladesh Social Investment Program Other Social
2003 MNA
Yemen
Sana'a Basin Water Mgmt
AP Rural Poverty
Agriculture 4 150.0 82.0
96.0 85.3 11.0 16.0 80.0 0.0 0.0 114 2003 SAR Nepal Community Schools Support Education 1 5.0
2003 SAR
India
Chattisgarh District Poverty
5 20.0 17.0 85.0 3.0 0.0 15.0 0.0 2.0 116 2003 SAR Sri Lanka Second Community Water Supply and Sanitation Water & San.
2003 SAR
Pakistan
AJK Comm. Infra. & Services
Multisector
Social 6 55.0 38.5 70.0 0.0 0.0 38.5 0.0 0.0 118 2004 AFRICA Cameroon Community Development Project Multisector 5 20.0 15.0
2004 AFRICA
Angola
Third Social Action
60.0 60.0 20.0 60.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 120 2004 AFRICA Guinea- Bissau
2004 AFRICA
Ethiopia
Public Sector Capacity Building
Multisector
1 7.0 4.0 57.1 2.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 0 121 2004 AFRICA Madagascar
HIV/AIDS Global Mitig. Support
Health
Nutrition II Health 1 10.0 10.0 100.0 1.0
23.0 85.2 2.0 3.0 15.0 5.0 0.0 123 2004 AFRICA Malawi
2004 AFRICA
Malawi
Community Based Rural Land Dev Agriculture 3 27.0
91.4 0.0 0.0 32.0 0.0 0.0 124 2004 AFRICA Nigeria
Multisector HIV/AIDS
Health 1 35.0 32.0
73.0 6.2 3.0 70.0 0.0 0.0 125 2004 AFRICA Nigeria
FADAMA II Agriculture 1 100.0 73.0
Local Empowerment
Decen. & Community Dev.
Other Social
World Bank CDD Type (US$ million) 1/ s d Community Control
CDD
ar
without direct
Share of ow ic
3 Management of Invest.
jective Primary Source of Fiscal n IBRD/ Amount ($
Support to Comm. No.
col(9)/col(
Region Country
Name of Project
Amount (excl.
ron or D and Mgt of
n ef N ($ tor enabling , govt.
cal Invt Funds
env.) have share
is ec ec ag vate al el age ri
En tu
ec El gove er n tr
127 2004 AFRICA Sierra Leone
Insti. Reform & Capacity Bldg Law/Pub.Ad.
Coral Reef Rehab. & Mgmt. II
Environment
0 0 91.0 0 0 130 2004 ECA Azerbaijan
2004 EAP
Indonesia
3rd KDP - Amendment
Rural Investment
Community Development Fund II Other Social
2004 ECA Kyrgyz Rep.
Village Investment Program
Social Investment Fund II
Other Social
6.0 55.6 0.0 0.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 135 2004 ECA Turkey Anatolia Watershed Rehab. Agriculture 3 20.0
2004 ECA
Tajikistan
Comm. Agri. & Watershed Mgt
Maranhao Integrated Development Agriculture 5 30.0
Peace and Development
Law & Just.
Indig. & Afroecuad. Peoples' Dev
Health/Ag
Forests and Rural Productivity
Nuestras Raices Program
Other Social
Community Forestry II
Social Fund for Development III
Multisector
4 45.0 39.5 87.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 39.5 144 2004 SAR Afghanistan Emergency National Solidarity Multisector 2 95.0 72.0
2004 MNA
Yemen
Third Public Works
Water Supply Program
Water 3 40.0 30.0 75.0 3.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 27.0
World Bank CDD Type (US$ million) 1/
Community Control
CDD
ar
without direct
Share of ow ic
ator
3 Management of Invest.
Primary Source of Fiscal
Support to Comm. No.
IBRD/ Amount ($
Region Country
Name of Project
Sector
CDD
col(9)/col(
Type" IDA
Amount (excl.
l ec d r , govt.
a n N oc
enabling projects
n ef cal o Invt Funds
env.) have share
is ec ec ag vate al age
El gove er ri n En tr
146 2004 SAR India
0.0 0.0 147 2004 SAR India Uttaranchal Watershed Mgt Water 3 70.0 43.0 61.4 7.0 43.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 148
Maharashtra RWSS Water & San.
Elementary Education
Education 1 500.0 250.0 50.0
3 25.3 16.4 64.8 0.0 0.0 16.4 0.0 0.0 150 2004 SAR Nepal
2004 SAR
Nepal
Rural Water Supply & Sanitation II Water & San.
Poverty Alleviation Fund Other Social
Poverty Alleviation Fund II
48.2 78.9 4.5 0.0 39.7 0.0 8.5 153 2004 SAR Pakistan Community Infrastructure Project II (NWFP CIP2)
2004 SAR
Pakistan
Sindh on Farm Water Management Agriculture 3 61.1
Sri Lanka
Comm. Dev. & Livelihood Imp.
National CDD Project
Agri. Rehab and Sust. Land Mgmt. Agriculture 3 35.0
Local Development Program
Multisector
2005 AFRICA Congo, D.R.
Emergency Social Fund
Multisector
2005 AFRICA Congo Rep.
Support to Basic Education
Small Towns Water Supp. & Sanit. Water & San
38.5 64.2 0.0 0.0 3.9 7.6 27.0 162 2005 AFRICA Guinea- Bissau
2005 AFRICA
Ghana
Community-Based Rural Dev.
Agriculture 5 60.0
Coastal and Biodiversity Mgmt
Int. Marine & Coastal Resources Industry
World Bank CDD Type (US$ million) 1/
Community Control
CDD
ar
without direct
Share of ow ic
ator
3 Management of Invest.
Primary Source of Fiscal
Support to Comm. Region Country
IBRD/ Amount ($ col(9)/col(
Name of Project
Type" IDA
Amount (excl.
n vi ef C o cal Invt Funds
oc , govt.
have share
is ec ec ag vate al age
En tu
El gove er ri th p n sti tr D in
Local Govt Support Program
Law/Pub.Ad.
Second Social Action Fund
Poor Rural Communities Dev.
Urban Poverty Program 3
Indonesia Support for Poor and Disadv. Areas Other Social
Kecamatan Dev. Project 3B
Multisector
0.6 64.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 171 2005 EAP Viet Nam HIV/AIDS Prevention
2005 EAP
Tonga
Education Support Project
Natural Resource Development Forestry
3 17.5 11.4 65.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.4 0.0 174 2005 ECA Azerbaijan IDP Economic Development SME 5 11.5 10.0 87.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 175
2005 ECA
Albania
Integrated Coastal Zone Mgmt
Multisector
90.0 0.2 0.0 13.5 0.0 0.0 176 2005 LCR Bolivia
2005 ECA Kyrgyz Rep.
Rural Education
Education 1 15.0 13.5
Rural Alliances
Amapa Sustainable Communities
Multisector
5 50.6 43.5 86.0 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.5 179 2005 LCR Colombia Agricultural Transition Agriculture 1 30.0 20.1
2005 LCR
Chile
Infrastructure for Territorial Dev.
Costa Rica Equity and Efficiency of Education
Agricultural Research and Ext. 2
Early Childhood Edu. Enhance.
Education 1 20.0 18.9
World Bank CDD Type (US$ million) 1/
Community Control
CDD
ar
without direct
ic Share of ow t
ator
3 Management of Invest.
jective Primary Source of
IBRD/ Amount ($ col(9)/col(
rn
unity
Support to Comm.
No. Region Country
, Year
Name of Project
Sector
ms D Type" 8)
Amount (excl.
a Invt Funds l t N tor
6/
($
enabling projects
o cal
n , govt.
have share
ec ag vate al age
ec El gove er En ri D n sti tr th p in
Afghanistan Education Quality Improvement
Education
0.0 0.0 28.0 0.0 0.0 185 2005 SAR Bhutan Decentralized Rural Development
2005 SAR
Afghanistan Emergency Natl Solidarity - Supple Multisector
2 28.0 28.0 100.0
7.0 5.0 71.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 186 2005 SAR India Integrated Disease Surveillance Health 1 68.0 38.8
Health Sector Program Project
2005 SAR
Nepal
Rural Access Imp. & Decentral.
Transport
5 32.0 25.8 80.6 0.0 2.2 1.2 22.4 0.0
CDD = community-criven evelopment; EAP = East Asia and Pacific; ECA = East Europe and Central Asia; IBRD = International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; IDA = International Development Association; LCR = Latin America and Carribean; MNA = Middle East and North Africa; PRC = People’s Republic of China; SAR = South Asia Region; SME = small and medium-size enterprise.
Source: Derived from World Bank CDD Anchor Database for Monitoring CDD Portfolio (courtesy World Bank Social Development Department) Notes: 1/ Based on CDD Group agreed typology 2/ Policy and Institutional reforms oriented toward increased control of decisions and resources by community groups and/or by participatory elected local
governments. 3/ Elected local governments make decisions on planning, implementation, O&M, in partnership with different neighborhood or community groups. 4/ Community groups make decisions on planning, implementation, O&M and community management of investment funds. 5/ Community groups make decisions on planning, implementation, O&M without directly managing investment funds. 6/ Subjective CDD type based on typology presented in Chapter 3, where
1=single-sector service delivery, 2= post-conflict/disaster/crisis, 3= common property resource management, 4= livelihoods and microcredit, 5= multisector integrated service delivery and local development/governance, 6= social investment/poverty fund.
Note that allocations to categories are subjective and based on the authors’ value judgment and should not be treated as official classifications of the World Bank.
ANNEX 3: Matrix of ADB Projects with Most CDD Features 2001–2005
(Note: Highlighted projects are the case study examples)
Project Objective/s
Community Focus
Participatory Planning
and Design
Community
Control of
Resources
Community Involvement in Implementation
Community- based Monitoring and Evaluation
Project Components
Central Region Livelihood Improvement Project (Viet Nam)
Help the Government ensure that the poor in upland communities achieve sustainable livelihoods with an improving quality of life, resulting in
a reduction in the incidence of poverty in the project area (p. iii, Objectives and Scope).
Improve household food security in a sustainable manner, generate incremental household income for the poor through improved on- farm productivity and income-generating opportunities, develop community capacity to utilize and manage scarce resources, and strengthen capacities of support institutions to respond to grassroots initiatives (p. 10, para 30).
Identification by the community of community rural infrastructure subprojects to be financed by the project (p. 13, para 38). Results of GIS-based survey of project areas will
be made available to each commune to assist in community mapping, which is a key aspect of community planning process. These plans will
be consolidated to form district and provincial resource management plans (p. 14, para 42).
Community
development component will strengthen capacity of rural upland communities in prioritizing, planning, and managing development activities; and assist target communities to form community organizations, strengthen com- munity planning process, and provide a resource base for communities to plan, finance, and implement socioeconomic development. activities (p. 13, para 40).
Commune-based monitoring and management committees will facilitate approval and implementation of social development plans of community and submit these to project management. unit and district administration for ratification; they will train communities on key elements of planning and administration (p. 13, para 41).
Household security Income generation
Community development
Institutional strengthening
Project support
Northwestern Rural Development Project
Support Govern- ment’s effort to reduce poverty through accelerated rural development by
(1) Plan, rehabilitate, or establish, and maintain public rural infrastructure that will improve living conditions of targeted rural population; (2)
Project will support commune councils in prioritizing, planning, and implementing small-scale village infrastructure (p.
17, para 64).
After participatory
identification of subprojects, PIU will involve councils and local community-based
Commune development committee, with help from PIU, will monitor construction and
Rural infrastructure development
Capacity building
Community-
based Project
Community
Community
Monitoring Project Objective/s
Participatory Planning
Control of
Involvement in
Community Focus
and Design
Resources
Implementation
and Components Evaluation
(Cambodia)
Rural livelihood physical
establishing
strengthen capacity of
organizations in
certify
completion of enhancement 2001
communities and
implementation of
infrastructure,
these projects; they small-scale improving
institutions to identify,
works before socioeconomic
prioritize, plan,
will be responsible
payment is made conditions, and
implement, coordinate,
for contracting out
to contractors enhancing rural
monitor, and maintain
to small local
(p. 23, para 88). livelihoods in
infrastructure
contractors (p. 23,
investments; (3) rural
para 88).
northwestern
livelihood enhancement:
Cambodia (p. iii,
involve and empower the
Objective and
beneficiaries, and
Scope).
establish small-scale infrastructure at village level (p. 15, para 53).
(3) Improve the
A demand-led and
Beneficiary villages will be
VAI committees
VAI com- Citywide
Vientiane Urban
quality of life of
participatory approach
oriented on the village area
will be formed in
mittees will infrastructure and
Infrastructure
urban residents,
will be adopted,
improvement (VAI)
participating
conduct semi- environmental
and Services
annual impact improvements poor, and enhance
particularly the
combining community
program; villages will
villages and will
Project monitoring to
infrastructure and services
decide whether to
oversee
urban productivity
with community-level
participate in program and
implementation of
determine
Village area
(Lao People’s
and economic
capacity building and
elect representative if they
subprojects
community improvements
Democratic
growth in the
awareness raising in
participate. Representatives
selected by
benefits and
Republic)
Vientiane urban
satisfaction with Capacity-building area (p. ii,
environmental health,
will be trained, after which
community (p. 47,
subprojects. and project 2001
participatory local
they will guide community
para 20).
They will also implementation Scope).
Objectives and
planning, and community- in prioritizing, identifying,
based infrastructure
and preparing proposals for
receive and support
development and service
subprojects that will be
attend to
delivery (p. 13, para 42).
funded by VAI (p. 45-46,
complaints
para 18).
about subprojects during and after implementation (p. 47, para 21- 23).
(4) Help Government
Provide community
Physical interventions will
Project will work
East-West
Road Network
improve transport
access and
be identified, planned,
with local NGOs to
highway
Development
efficiency and
complementary facilities
implemented, and operated
mobilize RBGs
strengthening
Project (Nepal)
enable the country
through participatory
by community groups
from surrounding
Community-
based Project
Community
Community
Participatory Planning
Control of
Involvement in
Monitoring Project
Objective/s
Community Focus
and Design
Resources
Implementation
Components Evaluation
and
Roads 2001
to stimulate
approach leading to
through the social
communities that
economic growth
improvement and job creation,
poverty reduction (p. 15,
development interventions
will construct/
para 63).
(p. 46, para 7).
improve district
leading to poverty
Feeder-road reduction (p. ii,
feeder roads, trails,
construction Objective and
Road-building groups
and bridges (p. 3
(RBGs) will be trained in
Appendix 9, para
Scope).
adult literacy,
Performance-based
bookkeeping, resource
maintenance
mobilization, savings, and credit opportunities. They
Cross-border
will be encouraged to save
access road
10–20% of earnings from
improvement
road construction in group savings fund. They will
Road safety and
also be helped in
axle-load control
identifying other activities required to improve the
Poverty
condition of the
interventions
community (Appendix 9, p. 3, para 12).
(5) Improve water
Improve the health and
The Public Health
Community
Community
Third Provincial
supply and
quality of life of people
Awareness Program
environmental
environmental
Towns Water
sanitation systems
living in project towns by
(PHAP) will increase
sanitation
sanitation
Supply and
in five provinces
improvement with total service
constructing water supply, awareness of communities
improvement will
Sanitation Project stimulate
drainage, and sanitation
on the relationships
population of
facilities, and providing
between health and water
community
Water supply
(Viet Nam)
about 1.2 million
health and hygiene
supply and sanitation.
participation in
Drainage and 2001
by 2010 (p. ii,
education; and supporting
Through this process,
planning and
sanitation Scope).
Objectives and
community participation
community needs in water
implementation of
by developing
supply and sanitation will
sanitation and
community-based
be identified (p. 12, para
improvement
Implementation
sanitation credit schemes
36-38).
projects (p. 12,
assistance and
or sanitation improvement
para 38).
capacity building
(p. ii, Objectives and Scope).
1. Urban Secondary Towns poverty reduction
(6) Contribute to
Project aims to reduce
Rural component will
Rural component
incidence of waterborne
organize beneficiaries into
includes
Component
and Rural
efforts and
diseases in the beneficiary
community-based
institutional
Rural component
Project
Objective/s
Community Focus
Participatory Planning
and Design
Community
Control of
Resources
Community Involvement in Implementation
Community- based Monitoring and Evaluation
Project Components
Community-based Water Supply and Sanitation Project
(Sri Lanka)
promote human development by improving access to safe drinking water and sanitation for poor populations (p. iii, Objectives).
populations and to reduce the level of resources that targeted households spend in acquiring water for their basic needs (p. 3, para 11).
organizations that will actively participate in project design and imple- mentation. (p. 4, para 16).
support to develop capacity to implement, operate, and maintain water supply schemes and sanitation facilities, and assure the sustain- ability of water supply after project completion. (p. 4-
5, para 16).
Institutional strengthening
National public awareness and education campaign
Financial and operational improvement support to relevant government agency
Training (7)
Poor Farmers’ Income Improvement Through Innovation Project
(Indonesia) 2002
Increase innovation in agricultural production and marketing by poor farmers (p. ii, Objectives and Scope).
Project will (i) improve targeting of village-level public investments to location-specific needs of agricultural and rural development, (2) increase access of poor farmers to information, and (3) reorient agricultural research to rainfed areas (p. ii, Objectives and Scope).
Project will support participatory planning in eligible villages to identify innovations and public investments necessary for adoption (p. 7, para 27).
Village project investment committee (VPIC)— elected in each project village to validate and consolidate investments proposed by farmer groups—will establish and operate bank account to manage funds for approved investments (p.
14, para 49).
Project will establish, develop capacity, and support operation of VPICs, project inter-village for a, and district coordinating committee. These structures will work together to consolidate, scrutinize, approve, support, implement, and monitor investments proposed by farmer groups (p. 7, para 26).
VPIC will ensure implementation is in line with proposals and in accordance with guidelines. Implementation progress and disbursements will be posted on village bulletin boards. VPIC will maintain records accessible to the public (p. 14, para 49).
Poor farmers’ empowerment
Development of national and local agricultural information resources
Support for agricultural innovation and dissemination
Project management
(8) Improve the living
To empower
Project will ensure that
Initially, WUAs
Agricultural
Project Objective/s
Participatory Planning
Control of
Involvement in
Monitoring
Community Focus
and Design
conditions of the
beneficiaries, project will
dialogue is established
will manage
support services
Rehabilitation
farming
support promotion,
between target
tertiary system.
for dekhan farms
Project
communities in the
formation. and training of
communities and
Eventually, they
(Tajikistan) project area and
Rehabilitation of institute measures
water users’ associations
concerned sector agencies;
will take over
irrigation and to sustain benefits
(WUAs) in the project
that WUAs are organized
secondary system
drainage systems 2002
area (p. 9, para 33).
in a participatory process;
as they gain
and institutional the project (p. iv,
attained through
and that the level and role
experience. Finally
support, including Objectives).
of female participation are
they are expected
promoted in formulation,
to handle O&M of
interfarm
organization, and
all irrigation and
irrigation and
management of WUAs (p.
drainage facilities
drainage
9, para 33).
(p. 9, para 34).
rehabilitation
support to water resources management agencies
organization and training of WUAs
Improvement of potable water systems
(9) Enhance national
Each participating district
NGOs and academic
Project will Institutional
Coral Reef
and local capacity
will formulate a coral reef
institutions will be
support local
strengthening and
project and Management country’s coral
Rehabilitation
to manage the
management plan that
contracted to assist in
communities in the
management reef resources and
will be prepared through a
organizing, training, and
management and
participatory process that
empowering local
use of their natural
support:
Project Phase II
rehabilitate and
will involve the local
communities in project
resources through
strengthening
(Indonesia)
effectively manage
national and priority coral reef
communities (p. 5, para
sites; and to facilitate
coastal resource
regional 2002
participatory planning and
management plans
government thereby raising
ecosystems,
decision making within the
formulated by
institutions income levels and
framework of an overall
them (p. 8, para
network of improving
marine action strategy (p.
coral reef standards among
8, para 28).
information poor coastal
and training
Community-
based Project
Community
Community
Participatory Planning
Control of
Involvement in
Monitoring Project
Objective/s
Community Focus
and Design
Resources
Implementation
and Components Evaluation
communities (p. ii, centers Objectives).
x project management support
Community-based resource management and development
(10) Reduce poverty
Extend water supply,
Subprojects will be
Project will
Part A will
Part A.
Punjab
and improve living
drainage, and sanitation
selected by municipal
provide latrine
organize CBOs
Construction of
water supply and Water Supply and quality of life of
Community
conditions and
coverage to poor village
administration based on
components to
that will take
drainage facilities the communities in
communities that do not
applications filed by
households to
charge of O&M of
Sanitation Sector subprojects that
have access to organized
communities;
be repayed in
Part B. Hygiene Project (Pakistan) Punjab Province
rural settlements in
water supply, using
validation/prioritization of
2–3 install-
will be constructed
education program where water is
community-based,
these projects will be done
ments. CBO
by the Project (p.
demand-driven approach;
through community
will collect
21-22, Design
2002 scarce and
Part C. groundwater is
strengthen and build
meetings (p. 26, para 2).
payment and
Summary and
Institutional brackish (p. iii,
capacity of newly
manage
Performance
strengthening and Objectives and
constituted associations to
revolving fund
Indicators/Targets)
capacity building Scope).
organize community-
to procure
based water supply and
latrines for
drainage development (p.
other members
Part D. Social
iii, Objectives and Scope).
of community
uplift and poverty
(p. 6, para 20)
eradication
Community
program (SUPER)
development fund will be established through repayments in microcredit scheme and managed by CBO for microenterprise development and
Participatory Planning
Control of
Involvement in
Monitoring
Project
Objective/s
Community Focus
and Design
expenditures for classroom construction (p.
7, para 24–25).
(11) Reduce poverty in
Project will improve the
CBOs will be given
(See Participatory Civil society
Improved
Sindh Rural
the canal-irrigated
social status and
capacity-building support
Planning and
groups will
governance and
legal support Project (Pakistan) area by increasing
Development
areas of the project
economic well-being of
to enable them to more
Design)
actively monitor
the poorest groups in the
actively participate in local
activities in the
empowerment and
Enhanced social improving
project area through
governance, community
improved
processes at the governance,
capacity building and
development, and selection
governance and
community level 2002
awareness raising on their
and implementation of
legal support
improving access
rights and obligations, and community subprojects (p.
component.
of rural poor to
Improved rural public services,
increasing villagers’
5–8, paras 16–32).
They will have
livelihoods transferring
participation in
access to
identifying and
relevant records
Upgraded rural improved
technology for
implementing small-scale
to these
infrastructure and livelihoods, and
community infrastructure
activities (p. 5,
settlement providing essential
and livelihood projects (p.
para 19)
improvement infrastructure (p. iv, Objectives and
4–8, paras 14–32).
Project Scope).
management support
(12) Project aims to
Improve men and
Community Communities Community
Community
reduce incidence
women’s food security,
members
select enterprise
development
Livestock
of poverty in rural
nutrition, incomes, and
receive
from menu of
Development Livestock
communities in
employment from
microcredit
livestock
Project productivity
project area,
livestock production and
loans for
enterprises;
through improved
small-scale livestock-
livestock
community groups
enhancement
(Nepal)
food security,
related enterprises in 48
projects they
prepare action
Livestock 2003
nutrition, and
districts.
select.
plan, and receive
incomes.
processing and (p. ii, Objective)
(p.4, para 16)
(p.7, paras 32-
training and
microcredit loans.
marketing
(p. 5, para 23)
Livelihoods pilot program for higher altitudes
Project Objective/s
Participatory Planning
Control of
Involvement in
Monitoring
Community Focus
and Design
Project management services
Communities Road rehabilitation Conflict Affected rehabilitation of
(13) Support
Community restoration
Communities agreed to
and development
location of water wells.
agreed to
Areas
essential
component will
Community groups agreed
contribute
Power and
Rehabilitation
infrastructure and
electrification restoration of
rehabilitate water supply
to pay portion of initial
construction labor
Project and maintain water
and sanitation, health,
cost for construction of
community
education, and renewable
renewable energy facilities.
and sanitation
Community
(Sri Lanka)
livelihoods in the
restoration and most severely
energy facilities, and
Community/household
facilities. (p10 para
development 2003
restoration of livelihood
facilities needed to restore
conflict-affected
in the target communities.
livelihood were identified.
There may be
areas.
contracting of
Jaffna water
supply feasibility (p iv, Objectives
(p8-9, paras 34-42)
(p 29-34, Appendix 5,
some access road
paras 2, 13, 17)
construction to
study
and Scope)
community-based groups, and participation of beneficiaries in construction and maintenance. (p32, Appendix 5, para 11) CBOs are willing to assume maintenance of renewable energy facilities. (p 33 Appendix 5, para 3)
(14) Provide
Informal urban
Community action plans
Community
Community
Site development
Development Of
sustainable
communities are
are prepared to prioritize
members
organizations will
and tenure
Poor Urban
systems for
distribution providing
improved/upgraded
needed infrastructure
receive
participate in
Communities implementation of
through provision of basic
improvement and basic
microcredit
Sector Project Shelter financing
affordable shelter
services and financing
services in target
loans for
community action
and
(microfinance for
communities.
upgrading,
plans.
(Philippines)
Project Objective/s
Participatory Planning
Control of
Involvement in
Monitoring
Community Focus
and Design
services for the
upgrading, housing and
(p 4, para 13)
housing, and
(p 5 para 15; p 10,
poor.
micro enterprise).
microenterprise para 29; Appendix
(p iii, Objectives
(p 3, para 11)
they selected.
12 para 5)
Project
and Scope)
(p 5, para 14)
implementation support
(15) Reduce poverty
Sustainable livelihood
Communities will identify
Livelihood
Communities to
Sustainable
North East
and meet basic
component to provide
and prioritize the
support
manage and
livelihood
Coastal
improvement communities in
needs in coastal
support to communities
community infrastructure
activities to be
maintain the
Community infrastructure
on meeting basic needs
and community-based
financed
Development Resource
three districts of
through small-scale
resource mapping and
through
facilities (p 4, para
Eastern Province
infrastructure and
resource management
microfinance
management in
Project
through
livelihood improvement
interventions needed, and
(p4, para 13)
three special
(Sri Lanka)
sustainable
management areas livelihood
activities (p 4 para 14).
prepare subproject concept
proposals with the help of
2003 improvement and
Coastal resource sound management
IP-NGOs. Households will
planning, fisheries of natural
also identify viable
development resources.
livelihood activities. (p 10-
11, paras 36-37)
Project
(p ii, Objectives) implementation support
Improved planning (16)
Reduce income
Project will improve local
An urban land
Beneficiaries
Community
poverty and
shelter planning and
development program will
will use loans
savings-and-loan
and management
Neighborhood
quality-of-life
provision systems and the
be developed, especially
for home
groups will be
systems for sites
Upgrading And
upgrading areas (p. iii,
poverty in urban
national organizations
housing for the poor, with
improvement
formed, which will
Shelter Sector mobilize savings
servicing them, and
the participation of
(p.4, para 16).
Objective).
enable financing systems
informal urban poor
and channel the
Improved access to
Project
to respond efficiently and
dwellers (identification and
loans to
shelter finance
(Indonesia)
in a sustainable manner to
prioritization of sites for
beneficiaries
Upgrading of poor 2003
the needs of the urban
upgrading and/or
(p. 4, para 16);
poor (p. 3, para 11).
development of new
beneficiaries will
neighborhoods and
housing facilities) (p. 4,
participate in
development of
paras 13,14).
implementation of
new sites
subprojects (p. 5, para 19).
Strengthened sector institutions
(17) Establish
Ensure enhanced access
Support will be given to
Beneficiaries
(See Participatory
Conducive policies
Rural Finance
sustainable rural
by the rural households to
community-led
will avail of
Planning and
Participatory Planning
Control of
Involvement in
Monitoring
Project
Objective/s
Community Focus
and Design
finance system
rural financial services (p.
development activities in
microcredit
Design) Supportive legal
Development
through policy
12, para 43).
skills development,
loans for
and regulatory
Program
adjustments and
creation of marketing
micro- and
framework
(Sri Lanka)
improvement of
networks, and construction
small rural
operations of rural
of community
enterprises (p.
Institutional
financial
infrastructure through the
20, para 80).
reforms for
2003 institutions (p. iv,
Rural Economy
sustainability
Program Loan
Resuscitation Fund with
Objectives).
full beneficiary
Strengthening the
participation (p. 15, para
demand side
25). Expansion of rural finance in conflict- affected areas
Community (18)
Enhance the status
Community capabilities to Through community
Households
of women and
develop and manage
mobilization, community
will be
development
Second
increase income-
income-generating
groups will be organized
activities will be
by NGOs that will help
improved by technical
them identify community
loans to finance
enterprise
Livestock
and employment
and social development
issues that need
from livestock-
training program; and
government attention, in
enterprises that
Project
related
provision of microfinance
the process enabling them
they selected
DLS capacity
(Bangladesh)
enterprises (p. 24,
and technical supporting
to demand accountability
(p. 6, para 23).
building
Objective/
services for livestock
for the use of public
2003 Purpose).
enterprise development,
resources (p. 5, para 19);
Project services
including assistance to the
qualified households will
ultra poor through a pilot
identify appropriate
program of asset
enterprises that will be
development and training
supported by microfinance
(p. 5, para 17).
loans (p. 6, para 23).
(19) Improve the
Community access to
Project will design and
A Community
Project will design
Community
Part A. Urban
Small Towns
quality of life and
essential urban
assist in implementing a
investment
and assist in a
dialogue will be
infrastructure and
Development
enhance
infrastructure and
town-wide participation
fund is
program to help
undertaken in all environmental
Sector Project improvements
productivity in
services will be improved,
strategy to ensure
available to
villages imple-
stages. Project
ment a community- (Lao People’s will ensure that
selected small
and income-earning
townspeople are involved
communities
Town-wide
urban centers that
potential of townspeople,
at each stage of project
within slums
based village
intended
infrastructure
Democratic
Project
Objective/s
Community Focus
Participatory Planning
and Design
Community
Control of
Resources
Community Involvement in Implementation
Community- based Monitoring and Evaluation
Project Components
Republic)
play or have the potential to play important role as market, services, and manufacturing centers supporting the rural hinterland (p. iv, Objectives).
especially the poor, will
be enhanced (p. 22–23, Project Summary).
implementation, including subproject selection and preparation, design, and construction. A system will
be developed for regular feedback from the townspeople into project implementation. The participation strategy will include mechanisms for consultation with affected people on resettlement issues (p. 55, 4.iii).
identified through the Municipal Action Plan for Poverty Reduction process to finance social sector and non- physical initiatives.
upgrading program; e.g., participatory assessment of needs and prioritization, village planning, forming village committees, operation and maintenance by villages of provided infra- structure and services, cost sharing for improvements, and training key staff of urban development administration authorities (UDAAs) and resource persons in villages (p. 56, 4.iv).
participatory processes are followed by providing considerable input for implementing program of community dialogue and partnering, involving assistance in designing and implementing consultative processes, and capacity building for UDAA staff, village organizations, and communities for community- based improvements (p. 10, para 37).
and amenities x
Town clean- liness and environmental services
x Village upgrading and livelihood promotion
Part B. Support for project implemen- tation, community processes, capaci- ty building x
Support for project management and imple- mentation
x Civic aware- ness, community dialogue, and partnering
x Capacity building for UDAAs
Community-based Water Supply and
Sanitation Sector Project (Nepal)
Expand the coverage of improved water supply and sanitation facilities to underserved populations, especially to poor remote areas, and
Project intends to use community-based, demand-driven approach to extend water supply and sanitation facilities to approximately 1,200 communities.
Project will train and assist communities to organize water user groups;develop their capacity to plan, construct, manage, operate, and maintain water supply schemes and sanitation facilities; and ensure the sustainability of water
Beneficiary
communities will implement subprojects with support of NGOs/ CBOs, and village and district development committees
Rural component x
Community mobilization and capacity building for sustainability
x Construction of community water supply
Community-
based Project
Community
Community
Monitoring Project Objective/s
Participatory Planning
Control of
Involvement in
Community Focus
and Design
Resources
Implementation
Components Evaluation
and
improve health and
and sanitation hygiene practices
supply after project
(DDCs); direct
facilities related to
completion (p. 6, para 20).
beneficiaries will
x Health and waterborne and
be required to
hygiene sanitation diseases
make minimal
program (p. iv, Objectives).
contributions to the
project to qualify
x Gender, caste,
for project funding
and ethnic
(p. 5, para 16, 18).
minority program
Institutional strengthening component x
Strengthening DDC capacity to provide water supply and sanitation
x Supporting decentratli- zation policy of the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage
(21) Provide
Project will invest in
Communities, particularly
Communities, Communities in Community
Decentralized
sustainable
small, community socio-
disadvantaged groups and
particularly
all subproject development and
Rural
increased access to
areas will be rural livelihood economic and
economic infrastructure;
women, will participate in
disadvantaged
Infrastructure restoration
and provide jobs,
detailed planning of main
groups and
made aware of
And Livelihood physical and
social services, and empower rural
subprojects, and in
women, will
enhanced social
communities for
identification and
participate in
financial
Capacity Building
Project (Nepal)
and decentralized capital for people
and financial
development, increase
prioritization of
implementation of
progress of
governance 2004
institutional capacity, and
supplementary investments
main subprojects,
project
implementation particularly the
in the project area,
improve transparency and
(p. 28, Performance
and
and will conduct Rural transport poor (p. iv,
accountability (p. 4, para
Indicators/Targets).
implementation
infrastructure Objective).
and maintenance of regular
supplementary
participatory project
Project Objective/s
Participatory Planning
Control of
Involvement in
Monitoring
Community Focus
and Design
investments (p. 28,
community
Performance
audit (p. 28,
Management
Indicators/Targets) Performance
services
Indicators/ Targets).
(22) Improve
Participatory irrigated
Project will support
Project will Participatory
Community-
agricultural
agriculture development
identification of viable
empower WUAs to
irrigated
managed
productivity and
agriculture sustainability of
component will support
subprojects and
manage activities
Irrigated development for
participatory development
participatory preparation of
at preconstruction,
Agriculture FMIS
existing farmer-
of FMIS subprojects
comprehensive subproject
construction, and
managed irrigation
through a process
implementation plans (SIP)
post-construction
Participatory
Sector Project
systems (FMIS)
approach (p. 6, para 16).
(p. 6, para 17)
stages. WUAs will
planning and
(Nepal)
suffering from low
beneficiary productivity and
Project will support the
play effective
mobilization 2004
participatory detailed
organizational,
high incidence of
Irrigation and poverty, thereby
design and construction of
operational,
associated enhancing the
infrastructure and facilities
resource
infrastructure livelihood of poor
to be operated by WUAs
mobilization, and
Agriculture men and women in
(p. 6, para 19).
networking
development rural Nepal (p. iv,
functions to
support and Objective).
facilitate delivery
and output
livelihood
marketing with
enhancement
collective
Support for
bargaining power
sustainable
(p. 6, para 18).
O&M facilities
Institutional strengthening and project management
(23) Reduce rural
(See Objectives)
Beneficiary communities
Water user groups
Community
Northern
poverty in project
will be involved in detailed
will be organized
mobilization
Community-
area through
identification and planning
to implement
managed
Institutional of agricultural
sustained growth
of agricultural extension
activities in
Irrigation Sector capacity building
services, community-
community
production by
managed irrigation
schemes, rural access roads
development plan
Community-
Project
Objective/s
Community Focus
Participatory Planning
and Design
Community
Control of
Resources
Community Involvement in Implementation
Community-
based Monitoring
and Evaluation
Project Components
(Lao People’s Democratic Republic)
2004
community- managed irrigation schemes with strong community ownership (p. iii, Objective and Scope).
upgrading, and rural water supply schemes. Project will provide capacity- building support to enable communities to formulate community participation development plan (p. 10–
11, para 29–36).
and operate and manage subprojects that will be supported by the project (p.10–11, para 29– 36).
managed irrigation investment
Agricultural extension and resource use planning
(24)
Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women Project (Nepal)
2004
Improve the socioeconomic conditions of poor rural women through a process of economic, social, legal, and political empowerment (p. iv, Objectives).
Project will strengthen women’s capabilities to improve their access to and control over assets, build group support for individual and collective action to influence and hold institutions accountable, and reform government institutions and processes to become gender responsive and include previously marginalized women in development opportunities (p. 5, para 15).
Under programs for promoting income generation, women’s working groups will express preference in selecting potential microenteprise; and service providers’ comparative advantage, training, and credit needs for promoting microenterprises (p. 6, para 20). Demand-driven household technology fund will provide time-saving household technologies and devices (p. 9, para 34) Demand-driven community infra-structure fund will be made available for community-based social infrastructure (p. 9, para 35).
Service providers
will implement subprojects supported by community infrastructure fund with the involvement of men and women in the community (p.
9, para 35).
Economic empowerment
Legal empowerment
Social empowerment
Institutional strengthening
(25)
Sustainable Livelihoods in Barani Areas Project (Pakistan)
2004
Enhance access to land, water, markets, services, agricultural inputs, technologies, and employment among the
Village urban development component will provide financing for medium-scale infrastructure and other interventions that will help stimulate livelihood
Through targeted poverty alleviation component, project will make provision for small-scale poverty alleviation interventions targeted directly at small beneficiary groups.
Men and women’s community organizations will
be formed to undertake the projects in the targeted poverty
Village urban development component
Targeted poverty alleviation
Project Objective/s
Community Focus
Participatory Planning
and Design
Community
Control of
Resources
Community Involvement in Implementation
Community- based Monitoring and Evaluation
Project Components
population living in barani areas in order to increase incomes, improve quality of life, and ultimately, reduce poverty among vulnerable groups within project area (p. iv, Objectives).
in barani areas (p. 6, para 18).
Activities will be demand- based and will include small-scale livelihood activities and minor water resource conservation and irrigation infrastructure (p.
6, para 21).
alleviation component; they will provide contribution in cash or in kind to these projects (p. 6, para 21).
Literacy through skills training
Institutional and implementation support
Rural Infrastructure Support Project (Indonesia)
Improve access to basic rural infrastructure for the poor and near poor in rural areas (p. 6, para 17).
Part A will provide villages with social and technical facilitation and financial resources to meet their priority infrastructure needs (p. 7, para 20).
Part A will create community implementation organizations (CIOs) that will plan and design priority infrastructure needed and develop operation and maintenance mechanisms for their respective community (p.
7, para 21–23).
CIOs will open bank account to manage funds for their approved project, make contract for works with the district implementation unit, prepare invoices and manage cash, and report expenditures to the community weekly (p. 13, para 45)
CIOs will be responsible for preparing village proposals and implementing the approved proposal (p. 13, para 45).
CIOs will monitor construction of approved project daily, report progress to district implementation unit, hold weekly meetings to report physical and financial progress, and maintain a complaints system (p. 13, para 45).
Part A. Infrastructure rehabilitation and improvement
Part B. Implementation, monitoring. and coordination support
Community Water Services and Health Project (Indonesia)
Enhance the health status of low- income communities in rural areas, based on better hygiene and sustained access to safe drinking water and improved
Project will empower communities to take responsibility for developing and implementing project services, based on a demand-driven, community-based approach (p. 4, para 14).
Through community empowerment component, community implementation teams (CITs) will be formed with members drawn from community stakeholders in a transparent and inclusive manner. CITs will conduct village problem mapping
Communities will receive funds (maximum ceiling of Rp250 million) for community health and sanitation facilities, based
CITs will organize community groups to implement and monitor water supply and sanitation improvements, and sanitation and hygiene behavioral change programs
Community will monitor and evaluate the sustainability and use of the new services (para 25, p. 7).
District and subdistrict capacity building
Community empowerment
Community-based water supply and sanitation facilities
Project Objective/s
Participatory Planning
Control of
Involvement in
Monitoring
Community Focus
and Design
sanitation (p. iv,
and formulate community
on approved
(p. 5, para.18).
Objective).
action plan, which will
proposal
Communities will
Sanitation and
detail strategy to address
selected from a
contribute in cash
hygiene behavioral
identified water supply and
menu of
and in kind for
change
sanitation, and health
feasible
construction cost
problems and reasonable
subprojects
of water supply
budget level (p. 5, para 18). provided by the and sanitation
project (para
projects and be
22, p. 6).
responsible for all O&M costs. (p. 6, para.22).
(28) Improve irrigation
Water Resources
All WUAs that
(See community
Strengthening the
Chattisgarh
delivery, enhance
Department staff will be
successfully
Control of
Water Resources
Irrigation
agricultural
trained to ensure that
practices, and
WUAs manage the
training will
Project Participatory
strengthen water
irrigation systems
receive one-
resources
effectively, provide
time grant for
irrigation
(India)
management to
management increase the
sustainable O&M, and
organizational
develop winter crops and
start-up costs,
2005 productivity of
Rehabilitation and irrigated
diversified cropping (p. 6,
administration,
upgrading of agriculture in
para 24).
and O&M
irrigation systems project area (p. iv,
equipment (p.
6, para 25).
Objectives). Agricultural support services
ADB = Asian Development Bank; CBO = community-based organization; CIO = community implementation organization; CIT = community implementation team; DDC = district development committee; FMIS = farmer-managed irrigation systems; FY = fiscal year; GIS = geographic information system; NGO = nongovernment organization; O&M = operation and maintenance; PIU = project implementing unit; RBG = road-building group; UDAA = Urban Development Administration Authority; VAI = village area improvement; VPIC = village project investment committee; WUA = water users’ association;