31 they had known the knowledge about Scientific Approach which became the main
focus in this research. Moreover, they also had implemented Scientific Approach when they had Practice Teaching Program. Lambert and Lambert 2012 add that
qualitative descriptive researchers may use purposeful sampling techniques because they could get rich information for the purpose of saturating the data.
D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Techniques
In this section, the researcher discusses the instruments used in this research and the data gathering techniques. The researcher conducted interviews
and reflection to collect the data, so the data were in the form of interview transcripts, reflections and audio recording. Since the data were presented in the
form of words, so this research used qualitative research as the method of the study. The researcher used interview to collect the data. The data collection in
descriptive qualitative involves minimal to moderate, structured, open-ended, individual or focus group interview Lambert Lambert, 2012. It aims to collect
the detailed description of respondents ’ experience. In addition, the respondents’
written and oral self-report can also be evaluated Fraenkel Wallen, 2012. Therefore, the researcher used two instruments for the data gathering techniques.
The researcher used interview and self-reflections from the respondents. 1.
Interview The interview was conducted in this study because the researcher
investigated the respondents ’ experience when implementing Scientific Approach.
The researcher used the interview to gather the data related to the research PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
32 question of this study. Interviewing is the most important data collection
technique in a qualitative research Fraenkel Wallen, 2012. Therefore, interview is the best data gathering techniques in this study. According to Ary et
al. 2010, interview is a suitable instrument to know deeper about people’s
experience. Furthermore, Cohen 2007 says that one of the purposes of interview is to gather the data as surveys or experimental situation. In order to collect the
information, the researcher used an audio recorder because it is the most efficient way to collect the data interview. Ary et al. 2010 say that using audio recorder is
more efficient rather than taking note. In addition, Lodico, Spaulding and Voegtle 2006 state that there are three types of interview, namely structured interview,
semi-structured interview and non-structured interview. In this research, the researcher used semi-structured interview. Semi-structured interview is a type of
interview in which the researcher prepares a list of questions to be asked but allow himself to ask beyond the list of questions Lodico, Spaulding Voegtle, 2006.
In this study, the researcher prepared a list of questions to be asked, but the researcher would ask beyond the questions if the answers were not clear or
specific. In this study, the researcher used Bahasa Indonesia to conduct the
interview. It means that the researcher used the first language of the respondents when conducting the interview. The reason why the interview was conducted in
Bahasa Indonesia as the first language is to make sure that there was no misunderstanding between the researcher and the respondents during the
interview. In addition, the use of Bahasa Indonesia made the respondents more PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
33 comfortable when sharing about their experiences. They could also share their
experiences deeply by using their first language. In order to ensure the validity of the interview, the researcher returned the
processed data to the respondents. In this step, the respondents could check whether the processed data were based on their own experiences or not.
According to Fraenkel and Wallen 2012, one procedure for checking on validity and reability is asking one or more participants in the study to check the accuracy
of the research report. In addition, the researcher also asked feedback on the interview guideline from the experts, who were the thesis advisor and another
lecturer. 2.
Reflections In order to get more detailed information about the problems faced by the
respondents when implementing Scientific Approach, the researcher conducted reflection. According to Ary et al. 2010, documents are good data collection
because they can provide good descriptive information. In this study, the researcher used reflection as the secondary data collection for the researcher to
describe the problems that were faced by the respondents. The reflection was about the experiences felt by the respondents. There were some questions of the
reflection and the questions aimed to know the experience or the phenomenon and the problems that were faced by the respondents during Practice Teaching
Program. According to Welch 1999, there are some components of a good written
reflection. The first component is affect and it requires the respondents to explore PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
34 their feelings and emotion. The reflection should contain the topic being
discussed. Hence, the questions of the reflection should cover respondents ’
understanding of the information of the topic. The questions must be developed in such way that respondents can demonstrate their understanding of the topic. The
reflection ’s maker should compose some questions which make the respondents
feel free to state their understanding, argument, feelings, and impression. In addition, the reflection
’s maker should give opportunity for the respondents to acknowledge and explore their feelings.
The second component is behavior which is done as an action. Next, the reflection
’s marker should compose questions that make the respondents respond to their feelings and attitude while experiencing the process. Therefore, the
respondents do some actions because of their feelings. In this condition, the respondents have to think about how they behave in the future as a result of their
experience. According to Welch 1999 , “the reflection does not end there.
Instead, the students projects on how shehe might behave or apply the skill in another, perhaps more effective way in the future.
”
E. Data Analysis Techniques
