An Analysis Of Speech Act On Film Script Entitled The Proposal

AN ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ACT ON FILM SCRIPT

ENTITLED

THE PROPOSAL

A THESIS

BY:

RINANDES MINTHAULI BANJARNAHOR

070705034

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

FACULTY OF LETTERS

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

MEDAN

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, I would like to give glory and praise to my Savior Jesus Christ who is always giving me health, strength, patient and blessing so I can accomplish the writing of this thesis.

I want to express my gratitude to the Dean of Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Drs. Syahron Lubis, M. A, and all the staff for their help during the period of study in this faculty.

In this opportunity I would like to express my special gratitude to my supervisor, Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Tran, M.Hum and my co-supervisor, Drs. M. Syafi’ie Siregar, M.A for their time, thought, suggestions and support in guiding me in writing this thesis.

I would like to thank to the Head of English Department, Dr. Drs. Muhizar Muchtar, M. S and the Secretary of English Department, Dr. Dra. Nurlela, M. Hum. I also would like to thank to all the lecturers who have shared their precious thought and valuable knowledge throughout my academic years. I also give thanks to Bg. Am who always helps me in administrator matter.

The special thank and appreciation are also dedicated to my beloved parents, Drs. M. Bandjarnahor and S. Siagian, who always pray, support, and pour me with their honest love. For my big brother (Bg Per), my sisters (K’ Ren, K’ Ida, K’ Waty, Wiwi) and my brother in law (Bg Eko), thanks a lot for your pray and support, I love you all.

Other special thank is dedicated to my best friends in English Department (Sabeth, Citra, Maya, Liana, Vita, Evi, Tere, Eva, Debora, and Dewi Maya) for

having great times together in almost four years and all the support in finishing this thesis, love you and nice to know you all. Also for Nevri and Agatha for all cares and support me. And to all my friends whose cannot be mentioned one by one.

Finally, I hope this thesis will be used for the readers, especially for who are interested in studying English. God bless us.

Medan, March 2011

Rinandes Minthauli Banjarnahor 070705034

ABSTRAK

Dalam skripsi yang berjudul An Analysis of Speech Act on Film Script Entitled

The Proposal ini, penulis menganalisis tindak ilokusi dan perlokusi yang

dihasilkan dari dialog dua tokoh utamanya, Margaret Tate dan Andrew Paxton berdasarkan kategorinya masing-masing, yakni representatif, komisif, direktif, ekspresif, rogatif, dan deklarasi. Tujuan penulisan skripsi ini adalah menemukan jenis-jenis tindak ilokusi dan tindak perlokusi yang dihasilkan oleh Margaret Tate dan Andrew Paxton sebagai pelaku utama dalam film tersebut. Dalam penulisan skripsi ini, penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif. Langkah yang dilakukan penulis dalam mengerjakan skripsi ini adalah dengan menonton film The Proposal

secara berulang-ulang, mengumpulkan ujaran-ujaran pelaku utama untuk kemudian dianalisis tindak ilokusi dan perlokusinya. Hasil dari analisis ditemukan bahwa terdapat 365 ujaran yang merupakan ilokusi yang terdiri dari 6 kategori. Kategori-kategori itu adalah representatif 190 ujaran (52,21%), direktif 72 ujaran (19,72%), rogatif 66 ujaran (18,08%), komisif 20 ujaran (5,4%), ekspresif 13 ujaran (3, 5%), dan deklarasi 4 ujaran (1,09%). Penulis juga menemukan 14 tindak perlokusi yang dilakukan oleh Margaret Tate dan Andrew Paxton.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……….i

ABSTRACT………...v

TABLE OF CONTENTS……….vi

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the Analysis……….1

1.2The Problem of the Analysis………....4

1.3The Objective of the Analysis………..4

1.4Scope of the Analysis………...4

1.5Method of the Analysis………....5

1.6Review of Related Literature………...5

CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL REVIEW 2.1The Understanding of Pragmatics………7

2.2The Goal of Pragmatics Theory………8

2.3Speech Acts………..9

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Method………..20

3.2 Data Collecting Method………20

CHAPTER IV: THE ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ACTS ON FILM SCRIPT OF THE PROPOSAL

4.1 The Analysis……….22 4.2 Findings ………...37

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1Conclusions………40

5.2Suggestion………..42

BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX

ABSTRAK

Dalam skripsi yang berjudul An Analysis of Speech Act on Film Script Entitled

The Proposal ini, penulis menganalisis tindak ilokusi dan perlokusi yang

dihasilkan dari dialog dua tokoh utamanya, Margaret Tate dan Andrew Paxton berdasarkan kategorinya masing-masing, yakni representatif, komisif, direktif, ekspresif, rogatif, dan deklarasi. Tujuan penulisan skripsi ini adalah menemukan jenis-jenis tindak ilokusi dan tindak perlokusi yang dihasilkan oleh Margaret Tate dan Andrew Paxton sebagai pelaku utama dalam film tersebut. Dalam penulisan skripsi ini, penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif. Langkah yang dilakukan penulis dalam mengerjakan skripsi ini adalah dengan menonton film The Proposal

secara berulang-ulang, mengumpulkan ujaran-ujaran pelaku utama untuk kemudian dianalisis tindak ilokusi dan perlokusinya. Hasil dari analisis ditemukan bahwa terdapat 365 ujaran yang merupakan ilokusi yang terdiri dari 6 kategori. Kategori-kategori itu adalah representatif 190 ujaran (52,21%), direktif 72 ujaran (19,72%), rogatif 66 ujaran (18,08%), komisif 20 ujaran (5,4%), ekspresif 13 ujaran (3, 5%), dan deklarasi 4 ujaran (1,09%). Penulis juga menemukan 14 tindak perlokusi yang dilakukan oleh Margaret Tate dan Andrew Paxton.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Analysis

Language is one of the most important aspects in human daily life. It is used as a means to communicate with other people. Language, both spoken and written is used by human being to express his thought, ideas and emotion by using sounds, gestures and signals in various purposes and reasons. Language is so essential for everyone, it cannot be separated from human’s life because it is used to interact to each other.

Hartley (1982: 11) states:

“language is a means of communication. To communicate by speaking is not a gratuitous act; it is purposeful, and thus language has an instrument aspect. Communication can only take place successfully of the means of communication is agreed by its users, and thus language has a conventional aspect. Society as we know would not exist without language, and indeed for some it is a defining characteristic of human race itself, for exceeding in sophistication of any animal communication.”

Pei (1996) as quoted in Yasin (2008: 6) states that language is a system of communication by sound operating through the organ of speech and hearing, among members a given community, and using vocal symbols possessing arbitrary conventional meaning.

Those definitions above show how language is useful in human’s life, it is emphasized that there is a conventional meaning which leads to an understanding in a communication, that the speaker and the listener must mutually catch the meaning of the speech so that the communication runs cooperatively and there is

no misunderstanding towards the delivered messages. A cooperative communication does not require only the linguistic knowledge of the speaker and the listener but it also requires the contextual knowledge, in which role is very important to understand the meaning of the speech that being uttered.

Stefanie Jannedy et. al (1994: 227) state “to fully understand the meaning of a sentence, we must understand the context in which it is uttered. Pragmatics concerns itself with how people use language within a context and why they use language in particular ways. This unit examines how speaker and hearer affect the ways in which language is used to perform various function.”

Austin (1962) in Fasold (2006: 162) points out that when people use language, they are performing a kind of action that is called speech acts. The use of the term speech act covers ‘actions’ such as requesting, commanding, questioning, and informing. In studying pragmatics, we concern on how to utter a speech so that the listener can interpret the meaning that is conveyed by the speaker.

According to Austin utterance can be analyzed as a speech act. There are two kinds of utterances, performative utterance and constative utterance. A performative utterance is one that actually describes the act that it performs, i.e it performs some acts and simultaneously describes that act. For example “I promise to be there tomorrow” is performative because in saying it the speaker actually does what the utterance describes, i.e. he promises to the listener to be there the next day. That is, the utterance both a description and a promise. While a constative utterance is one which makes an assertion (it is often the utterance of a

declarative sentence) but it is not a performative. For example “I think I was wrong” is a constative utterance because it is only describes the mental state.

Austin (1962) proposed three levels of speech acts: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. Locutionary act is the content of the utterance itself, while the illocutionary act is the meaning intended by the speaker, and perlocutionary act is the interpretation of the message by the listener.

The source of the data in this thesis is the script of film, entitled The Proposal, which has been taken from the internet. The Proposal is a 2009 American romantic comedy film directed by Anne Fletcher and starred by Sandra Bullock (Margaret Tate) and Ryan Reynolds (Andrew Paxton). The screenplay was written by Pete Chiarelli. This film was released on June 19, 2009 in North America by Touchstone Pictures.

The writer wants to discuss about the speech act among the main characters of The Proposal and to find out whether the theory of pragmatics can be analyzed in this film script such as in our daily utterances. The writer chooses the movie as the object of the research because the conversation of the main characters represents our daily conversation. In each conversation contains the three categories of speech act, it is why the writer wants to analyze the conversation and then classify each utterance to the categories of speech acts and to find the types of illocutionary act and the perlocutionary act in the film script of

1.2 Problem of Analysis

Based on the background above, this thesis is meant to analyze the speech act in Touchstone film script entitled The Proposal. This thesis discusses the following problems, they are:

1. What types of illocutionary act are found in The Proposal?

2. Are there any perlocutionary acts within the illocutionary acts in The Proposal?

1.3 Objective of Analysis

The objectives of the thesis are not much different from the problems and they are:

1. To find out the types of illocutionary act in The Proposal.

2. To find out if there are the perlocutionary act within the illocutionary act in The Proposal.

1.4 Scope of the Analysis

This analysis is based on pragmatics that is to discuss the speech act on the Touchstone Film’s The Proposal. There are three important categories of speech acts, namely; locution, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. In this analysis, the writer would like to focus on the illocutionary act and perlocutionary act, since the whole of the script are included the locutionary act. The writer limits the analysis on the types of illocutionary act which consists of declarative, representative, expressive, rogative, commissive, and directive, and also the perlocutionary act among the main characters. The object of the analysis of this thesis is only the

dialogue of the two main characters in The Proposal, Margareth Tate and Andrew Paxton.

1.5 Method of Analysis

In doing this thesis, the writer applies library research method. This method is carried out by reading, collecting and observing the data and information from textbooks, articles, thesis and other sources related to the topic.

The data is collected from the dialogues of the main characters of the film

The Proposal. Firstly, the film is watched. Then, the transcript of the film is taken from the internet, and at last, the dialogue is analyzed and classified into the types of illocutionary act and then found out whether there is perlocutionary act among the dialogues.

1.6 Review of Related Literature

In analyzing the speech acts in this thesis, some related literatures are reviewed to support the analysis, they are:

Yule (1996: 48) says that the action performed by producing an utterance will consists of three related acts. They are locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary effect. He also says that speech acts can be classified into five general functions, they are: declarations, representatives, expressives, directives, and commisives.

Peccei (1999: 44) says that speech acts can be divided into three parts. They are locution, illocution, and perlocution. The illocutionary acts has six

categories; representatives, commisives, directives, expressive, rogatives, and declaratives.

Siregar, Tesen (2010:96) in his thesis “An Analysis of Illocutionary Act in

A Walk to Remember” which discusses about the types of illocutionary act in the film, found out that the dominant illocutionary acts occur during the character’s dialogue is representative (41.56%) followed by rogative (24.75 %), directive (18.43 %), expressive (12.5 %), commissive (3.12 %) and found no declarative illocution.

Maria, Eva (2009) in her thesis “An Analysis of Speech Acts in Batak Toba Wedding Ceremony: A Pragmatic Analysis” also discussed about the types of illocutionary act in Batak Toba Wedding Ceremony found out that the dominant illocutionary act is directive 46 times (52.27%), expressive 24 times (27,27%), representative 9 times (10.22%), commissive 3 times (3.40%), declarative 3 times (3.40%), and rogative 3 times (3.40%)

CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL REVIEW

2.1 The Understanding of Pragmatics

Pragmatics as a branch of linguistic is the study of meaning which relates to the context or the external meaning of language unit. Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning (Yule, 1996: 3). Within the theory of meaning, pragmatic is especially concerned with the implicit meaning, with the unsaid. It might be considered as the investigation of invisible meaning (Yule, 1996: 3). Definitions below may help for more understanding about what the pragmatics is.

Levinson (1985: 12) states “pragmatics is the study of language use in context.” Parker (1986: 11) as quoted in Wijana (2009:4) states, “Pragmatics is distinct from grammar, which is the study of the internal structure of language. Pragmatics is the study of how language is used to communicate.” Peccei (1999: 2) states “pragmatics concentrates on those aspects of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account knowledge about the physical and social world.” Yule (1996: 3) states “pragmatic is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader).”

From the definitions above it be concluded that pragmatics is a branch of linguistics which concerns with language use in context and the study of meaning related to the context or situation. Pragmatics is focused on a person’s ability to derive meaning from the specific kind of speech situation, to recognize what the speaker is referring to. The interpretation of what meanings the speaker wanted to

convey using particular words is often influenced by factors such as the listeners’ assumption or the context. This is how the context becomes the most important factor in pragmatics.

2.2 The Goal of Pragmatics Theory

In discussing pragmatics, Akmajian (1797: 279) put some minimal requirements on an adequate pragmatics theory, they are as follow:

a) A pragmatics theory must contain a classification of speech acts

b) A pragmatics theory must contain analysis and definitions of various speech acts.

c) A pragmatics theory must contain a specification of various uses of expression, they must be as :

1) Expression e is standardly (literally and directly) used to do in X

(in context C)

2) Expression e has n different users.

3) Expression e and è have the same use or uses.

d) A pragmatics theory must relate to literal and direct language use for such phenomena as:

1) Linguistic structure (semantic, syntax, phonology)

2) The structures of the communication situations, the course of conversations, and social institutions.

3) The speaker’s meaning, implication, presupposition and understanding.

According to Akmajian, some of the philosophers have been mainly concerned with categorizing the type of speech acts and defining each category. They have pursued goals (a) and (b). Linguists have been concerned mainly in specifying the expressions in language (goal c) which are the pragmatic analogues of meaning specification, such as ambiguity, and synonymy. Psychologist has been concerned mainly with the investigation of how information concerning language use in processed, store, and acquired. Finally, anthropologist and sociologist have been concerned with the regularities between language use and social role, as well as the structuring of speech acts into conversation-in short, goal d(3). Five disciplines are interested in pursuing these goals. They are philosophy, linguistics, psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Based on the above explanation, to get a success, pragmatics will require the cooperation of these five disciplines.

2.3 Speech Acts

In attempting to express themselves, people do not only produce utterances containing grammatical structures and words. The people perform actions via those utterances. Actions which are performed via utterances are generally called speech acts (Yule, 1996: 47). We use language to express the activities. We use it to convey information, request information, give orders, make requests, make threats, give warnings, etc.

In general, speech acts are the acts of communication. To communicate is to express a certain attitude, and the type of speech act being performed corresponds to the type of attitude being expressed. For example, a statement

expresses a belief, a request expresses a desire, and an apology expresses regret. As an act of communication, a speech acts will be success if the audience identifies the communication, in accordance with the speaker’s intention which the attitude is being expressed.

According to Austin, there are three levels of speech acts, they are:

1. Locutionary Acts

The locution is the actual form of words used by the speaker and their semantic meaning (Peccei, 1994: 44). This kind of speech act is also called the utterance act or the act of saying something. It is an act of uttering something, syllable, word, and phrase or sentence forms of a language. Locutionary acts produce a meaningful linguistic expression. It is to produce an utterance with a particular form and more or less determinated meaning.

2. Illocutionary Acts

Illocutionary act is what the speaker is doing. By uttering those words, such as commanding, offering, promising, threatening, thanking, etc (Peccei, 1999: 44). Illocutionary act is an act performed in saying something. When analyzing an utterance, it does not only deal with what do the sentence means, but also what kind of act does a speaker performs in uttering a sentence. For example, in saying “you can play outside for an hour” may perform an act of giving permission that is the speaker allows the listener to play outside.

Akmajian et.al (1979) points out that there are some characteristics of illocutionary act:

• Illocutionary act can often be successfully performed simply by uttering the tight explicit performative sentence, with the right intention and beliefs, and under the right circumstances.

• Illocutionary acts are central to linguistic communication. The normal conversation is composed in the right part of statement, request, order, thank, ask and the like. The performed acts are governed by rules. When one does perform perlocutionary acts of persuading, one does so by performing illocutionary act of stating or informing.

• Most illocutionary act which are used to communicate have the feature that one performs them successfully, simply by getting one’s illocutionary intention recognized. For example, when someone says,

“I’m thirsty”, which means that the speaker wants the listener to give him a glass of water. His illocutionary intention will be recognized if the listener responds it by giving a glass of water to the speaker. Then the speaker will successfully tell the listener his intention.

Types of Illocutionary Acts a) Representative

Representative is an act of representing the statement of affairs. The speaker becomes committing to the truth of the propositional content. He or she represents external reality by making their words fit the world as they believe it to be. This type is also sometimes called assertive. The typical expression of act is a declarative structure. The subcategories of this category are:

1) Stating: to express something in spoken or written words, especially carefully, fully and clearly.

2) Asserting: to state something clearly and forcefully as the truth. 3) Informing: to give somebody facts or information about something. 4) Affirming: to state formally or confidently that something is true or

correct.

5) Predicting: to say that something will happen. 6) Retelling: to tell a story, etc again in a different way. 7) Calling: to call somebody’s name.

8) Answering: to answer somebody’s called.

9) Concluding: to come to an end or bring something to an end.

Example:

 I think it will rain today (predicting)

 It was a warm sunny day (describing)

 I demand my independence (asserting)

 Andrew ! (calling)

b) Declaratives

Declarative illocutionary act is a special type of illocutionary act that bring an extra linguistic statement of affairs into the existence, since it deals with a special authority or institution such as declaring war, naming, and the like. As we know that everyone cannot declare a war or give a name. In this act, the words of the speaker change the world and the speaker is responsible for this action. The

typical expression for this type is a declarative structure and a performative verb in simple present tense.

Example:

 I name this ship Titanic (naming)

 I declare the war to be started (declaring)

c) Commissives

Commisive illocutionary act is an act that commits the speaker to do something in the future. The relationship between the words and the world is identical to directives namely the world will fit the words, but the realization of the act is the speaker’s responsibility while in directives, it is the responsibility of the listener. The typical expression is declarative structure in which the speaker is the subject and the future time is expressed. Paradigm cases for this illocutionary are such as:

1) Promising: a written or spoken declaration that one will definitely give or do or not something.

2) Refusing: to say or show that one is unwilling to give, accept or do something.

3) Offering: to show or express willingness or the intention to do, give something.

4) Threatening: to make a threat or threats against somebody. Examples:

 I’ll come to your home tonight. (promising)

 I’ll make a cup of tea for you (offering)

 I’ll kill you if you tell her that secret (threatening)

The examples show the act of promising are carried out by the speaker and he or she is responsible for it. Contrast to directives, commissive tend to the function as rather to be convivial than to be competitive. Thus, they involve more positive politeness, because commissive does not refer to the speaker’s importance but to the listener’s expectation. The speakers of commissive often tend to convince the hearer.

d) Directive

Directive is the kind of speech acts that the speaker uses to get someone else to do something. The speaker tries to get the listener to act in such a way or to do a future action according to the intention of the speaker. The relationship between the word and the world is the world will fit the word and the listener is responsible for realization of the changes. The typical expression of this type usually uses imperative structure; however, there are so many ways of expressing this type, they are not only imperative but also integorative and declarative structure are often used to perform directive illocutionary act. The typical examples of them as:

1) Ordering: to give an order or command to somebody to do something. Ordering is more polite than commanding.

2) Commanding: to tell somebody that they must do something. 3) Warning: a statement, an event that warns somebody about

4) Suggesting: to put an idea into somebody’s mind. 5) Request: an act of politely asking for something. 6) Forbidding: to order somebody not to do something.

7) Inviting: to ask somebody in a friendly way to go somewhere or do something.

Example:

 Could you please turn on the light? (requesting)

 You had better take a rest. (suggesting)

 Clean the floor! (commanding)

 Watch your move! (warning)

All of those utterances are in the form of imperative structure and functioned to give orders to the listener to do some actions.

e) Expressive

The act of expressive is to express a psychological statement of the speaker. It includes the notion of reaction to other people or the feeling of the speaker about the surroundings. In this act, the words of the speaker fit the psychological world and the speaker is also responsible for the action. The typical structure of expression is usually in declarative structure with the words referring to the feeling such as:

1) Apologizing: to say one is sorry, especially for having done something wrong.

2) Thanking: to express gratitude to somebody.

4) Compliment: an expression of praise, admiration, approval, etc. Examples:

 I’m really sorry to hear that. (apologizing)

 Good morning (greeting)

 I thank you for coming to my party. (thanking)

 You are a beautiful woman (compliment)

The examples represent the statement of the feeling of the speaker, which is called the psychological world.

f) Rogative

Rogative illocutionary act is not included in the classification of Searle’s theory, it is proposed by Leech to specify between a request for an action (in Searle’s theory) and a request for giving information. Searle grouped all requesting, action as well as information into directives. In rogatives, the listener rather than the speaker will make the words fit the world. In this category, the speaker must not already have the information requested. Rogative focuses the type of illocutionary act only on asking information from the hearer. Example:

 Where did she go?

 Can you take the book for me?

Both sentences are in form of interrogative, the first example is asking for information from the hearer while the second is to ask the hearer to do the act of taking the pen. The typical expression in this act is interrogative structure.

The table below will show the similarities and differences between the speech act category based on the relation between the ‘words’ and the ‘world’ (Peccei, 1999: 53).

Speech Acts Category

Relation between ‘the words’ and ‘the world’

Who is responsible for the relation

Declaratives The words change the world Speaker

Representatives

The words fit the world (outside world)

Speaker

Expressives

The words fit the world (psychological world)

Speaker

Rogatives The words fit the world Hearer Commisives The world will fit the words Speaker

Directives The world will fit the words Hearer

Another table will also describe how the direct interpretation comes from other linguistic features of the utterance which we recognize as typical for that speech act (Peccei, 1999:54).

Speech Acts Category Typical Expression Example

Declaratives

Declarative structure with speaker as subject and a performative verb in simple

present tense

I resign.

Representatives Declarative structure Billi was an accountant.

Expressives

Declarative structure with words referring to feelings

This beer is disgusting.

Rogatives Interrogative structure Is she leaving?

Commisives

Declarative structure with speaker subject and future

time expressed

We’re going to turn you in.

Directives Imperative sentence Fasten your seatbelt!

3. Perlocutionary Acts

Perlocutioanry act is the third part of speech act which is distinctive from two other kinds of the speech act. It is an actual result or an effect of the illocution. It may or may not be what the speaker wants to happen but it is nevertheless caused by the illocution. It is defined by the listener’s reaction to the speaker utterance. When someone creates the utterances with a purpose or an intention, it means that he or she wants his or her locution/utterances to have an effort to the listener. The speaker will want the listener to recognize his or her

intention so the listener will act exactly as the speaker want. Like the illocutionary act, the perlocutionary act also have some characteristics, they are:

a. Perlocutionary acts which are not performed by uttering explicit performative sentences.

b. Perlocutionary acts which seem to involve the effects of utterance acts and illocutionary acts on the thoughts, feelings, and actions of the listener, whereas the illocutionary act does not. Thus, the perlocutionary acts can be represented as an illocutionary act of speaker (S) plus its effects on the listener (L). It can be illustrated as below:

1. S tells + L believes…= S persuades L that… 2. S tells + L intends…= S persuades L that…

Furthermore, considering the importance of getting understanding between locution, illocution, and perlocution, below is the example of these three acts:

“Could you please pass me the milk?”

Locution: The speaker uttered the words which semantically mean requesting the listener to give her the milk.

Illocution: The speaker performed an act of requesting the listener to give her the milk.

Perlocution: The speaker persuaded the hearer to give her the milk, and as the response, the listener gave her the milk as what she wishes.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

This thesis is made by applying the descriptive method, because the result of this thesis will describe the use of illocutionary acts found in The Proposal

movie. As Nawawi said (1993: 63): “Metode Deskriptif dapat diartikan sebagai prosedur pemecahan masalah yang diselidiki dengan menggambarkan/ melukiskan keadaan subjek/ objek penelitian (seseorang, lembaga, masyarakat, dll) pada saat sekarang berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang tampak atau sebagaimana adanya.”

It means that the research aims to describe all the facts as it is without any subjective improvisation

3.2 Data Collecting Method

The data are collected by applying the library research method. The data are collected from the dialogue of the two main characters The Proposal movie,

Margaret Tate and Andrew Paxton which is focused on the case of illocutionary act. Firstly, the movie is watched. Then the transcript of the movie is taken from the internet. Next, the dialogues of Margaret Tate and Andrew Paxton are marked as the dialogues to be analyzed and classified into the types of illocutionary act and also found out the perlocutionary act among the dialogues.

3.3 Data Analysis Method

Some steps that are used to analyze the data are as follows:

1. Collecting the data: picking out all the dialogue of the characters of the film.

2. Classifying the data: classifying the important data based on the scope of the analysis.

3. Identifying the data: characterizing the utterance based on which belong to one of the categories of illocutionary act.

4. Describing the data: making a brief description of the final result of the research in the form of numbers or tables.

In counting the percentage of the data, Bungin’s formula (2005: 171-172) is used to find the category of illocutionary acts that occur mostly in The Proposal

Movie. The formula is:

n = percentage of illocutionary acts category

Fx = individual frequency of illocutionary acts category N = total number of all category

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 The Analysis

4.1.1 Illocutionary Acts

There are many utterances found in the dialogues of the two main character of The Proposal movie. However, the writer only takes some examples or representative data to be analyzed. The analysis of illocutionary acts in The Proposal will be discussed as follows:

1) Representatives.

Searle (1979) defines “representatives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not”. Some utterances that represent representative illocutionary acts in the dialogue of two main characters of The Proposal are:

• Asserting

1. Margaret : I read a few pages. I wasn't that impressed.

Margaret asserts that she read a few pages but she wasn’t impressed. She states it clearly and forcefully as the truth that she wasn’t impressed to the manuscript that Andrew gave her. 2. Andrew : I've read thousands of manuscripts; this is the

only one I've given you. There's an incredible novel in there.

Andrew asserts that he had read thousands of manuscripts and this is the only he had given to Margaret. He states it clearly and

forcefully as the truth that he had read thousand manuscripts and there’s an incredible novel in that manuscript.

3. Margaret : Wrong. And I do think you order the same coffee as I do just in case you spill, which is, in fact, pathetic.

Margaret asserts that she thinks Andrew orders the same coffee as she does just in case his spill, which is in fact, pathetic. She states it forcefully as the truth that Andrew is wrong about the manuscript.

• Informing

1. Andrew : You have a conference call in 30 minutes.

Andrew informs Margaret that she has a conference call in 30 minutes. He gives information to Margaret.

2. Andrew : Staff meeting at 9.00.

Andrew informs Margaret about the staff meeting. In this utterance, he is also gives information to Margaret about the staff meeting.

3. Andrew : Janet.

Andrew informs Margaret the name of the one with the ugly hands. He gives information that Margaret asked.

• Affirming

1. Andrew : Yes. I did. I told her that if she doesn't get her manuscript in on time you won't give her a release date.

Andrew affirms that he had called Janet and told her that if she doesn’t get her manuscript in on time Margaret will not give her a release date. It is an affirmation because it is true that he had called Janet and told her that Margaret will not give her a release date if she doesn’t get her manuscript.

2. Andrew : I do. It's like Christmas in a cup.

Andrew affirms that he drinks the unsweetened light soy lattes and it’s like Christmas in a cup. Andrew’s utterance is affirmation because it is true that he drinks the unsweetened light soy lattes.

3. Andrew : I don't understand what's happening.

Andrew affirms that he doesn’t understand what’s happening. This utterance is affirmation because it is true that he doesn’t understand what’s happening, in this case he is confused why Margaret told to their boss that they are getting married.

• Stating

1. Margaret : Yes. About the marketing of the spring books. I know.

Margaret literally states that she knows the conference call is about the marketing of the spring books. She states the fact that she knows the conference call is about the marketing of the spring books.

2. Margaret : Frank is doing Oprah.

Margaret literally states that Frank is doing Oprah. She states the fact that Frank is doing Oprah.

3. Andrew : Incredibly, it is. I wouldn't drink the same coffee that you drink just in case yours spilled. That would be pathetic.

Andrew states that he wouldn’t drink the same coffee that Margaret drinks just in case hers spilled, that would be pathetic.

• Predicting

1. Margaret : I guess I will pop for you to fly first class.

Margaret predicts that she will pop Andrew to fly first class. It is a prediction because Margaret uses guess in her utterance, which is mean that she is not sure yet that she pop Andre to fly first class.

2. Andrew : Oh, my God. When my mom finds out that this whole thing is a shame she's gonna... she's gonna be crushed, and my grandmother's gonna die.

Andrew predicts that his mother is going to be crushed and his grandmother is going to die when they find out that this whole thing is a shame.

3. Margaret : We'll be happily divorced before you know it. It will be fine. It will be fine.

Margaret predicts that they will be happily divorced before he knows it and everything will be fine.

• Retelling

1. Margaret : Yes, Janet.

Margaret retells the name that told by Andrew. 2. Andrew : We are.

Andrew retells Margaret’s statement.

3. Andrew : We're done with that question.

Andrew retells Margaret’s statement which is implicitly mean to stop talk about Margaret tattoo.

• Calling

Andrew : Margaret.

Andrew calls Margaret.

• Answering

Margaret : Yes?

• Concluding

Andrew : So. So naked.

Andrew concludes that they were so naked.

2) Declaratives

Some utterances that represent declarative illocutionary acts in the dialogue of two main characters of The Proposal are:

1. Margaret : We're getting married. We are getting married.

2. Margaret : You and I. You and I are getting married! Yes.

3. Margaret : Getting married. We are getting married. Yes.

Margaret declares that she and Andrew are getting married.

3) Commisives

Some utterances that represent commissives illocutionary acts in the dialogue of two main characters of The Proposal are:

• Promising

1. Andrew : Will do.

Andrew promises Margaret that he will do Margaret’s order to have security to take Bob’s breakfront and put it in her conference room. Andrew’s utterance is promising to do an action in the future.

2. Margaret : I'll make you editor.

Margaret promises Andrew that she will make him as an editor. Margaret’s utterance is promising to do an action in the future.

3. Margaret : If you do the Alaska weekend and the immigration interview, I will make you editor. Happy?

Margaret promises Andrew that she will make Andrew as an editor. Margaret utterance is promising to do an action in the future.

• Offering

1. Margaret : Ten thousand copy first...

Margaret offers to publish Andrew’s manuscript ten thousand copies first by giving a statement.

2. Margaret : Get us some coffee.

Margaret offers to get them some coffee by giving a statement.

• Threatening

Margaret : Yeah. If you touch my ass one more time, I will cut your balls off in your sleep. OK?

Andrew is threatening by Margaret. She promises to cut his balls in his sleep if he touches her ass one more time.

• Refusing

1. Margaret : If I want your praise, I will ask for it.

Margaret refuses Andrew’s compliment. 2. Margaret : I don't wanna go. I'm not.

Margaret refuses to going out with Andrew’s mother and grandmother.

4) Directives

Some utterances that represent directives illocutionary acts in the dialogue of two main characters of The Proposal are:

• Ordering

1. Margaret : I need you this weekend to help review his files and his manuscript.

Margaret orders Andrew to help her to review Bob’s files and manuscript this weekend.

2. Margaret : OK. Come get me in ten minutes.

Margaret orders Andrew to come with her in ten minutes. 3. Margaret : Use the miles for the tickets.

Margaret orders Andrew to use the miles for the tickets.

• Commanding

1. Margaret : Cancel the call, push the meeting to tomorrow, keep the lawyer on the sheets. Get a hold of PR, have them start drafting a press release.

Margaret commands Andrew to cancel the call, push the meeting, keep the lawyer on the sheets, and have the PR to start drafting a press release.

Margaret commands to Andrew to looks what is Bob doing. Margaret’s utterance is a command to Andrew. It is more than a question about what is Bob doing when they left his office. 3. Margaret : Have security take his breakfront and put it in my

conference room.

Margaret commands Andrew to have security to take Bob’s breakfront and put it in her conference room.

• Warning

1. Margaret : Sure you are. Because if you don't, your dreams of touching the lives of millions with the written word are dead. Bob is gonna fire you the second I'm gone. Guaranteed. That means you're out on the street looking for a job. That means the time that we spent together, the lattes, the cancelled dates, the midnight Tampax runs, were all for nothing and all your dreams of being an editor are gone.

Margaret warns Andrew that if he not marries her, his dreams of being an editor are gone. Because Bob is going to fire him the second she is gone.

2. Margaret : But until then, like it or not, your wagon is hitched to mine. OK? Phone.

Margaret warns Andrew that his wagon is hitched to her whether he likes it or not.

3. Andrew : The boat is moving!

Andrew warns Margaret that the boat is suddenly moving.

• Suggesting

1. Andrew : The kind of novel you used to publish.

Andrew suggests Margaret to publish the novel. 2. Margaret : Relax. This is for you, too.

Margaret suggests Andrew to relax because she done it not for herself, but also for Andrew.

3. Andrew : You're gonna have to tell me where it is.

Andrew suggests Margaret to tell him where the tattoo is.

• Requesting

1. Andrew : Can I say something?

Andrew requests to say something. 2. Margaret : Will you marry me?

Margaret requests Andrew to marry her. 3. Margaret : Shut up. Would you, please?

Margaret requests Andrew to shut up.

• Forbidding

1. Margaret : No.

2. Andrew : Don't take this the wrong way.

Andrew forbids Margaret to take this the wrong way.

• Inviting

Andrew : Wanna come?

Andrew invites Margaret to come with him into town. Andrew’s utterance is more than a question. It is to invite Margaret to come with him into town to take her phone.

5) Expressive

Some utterances that represent expressive illocutionary acts in the dialogue of two main characters of The Proposal are:

• Apologizing

1. Andrew : Sorry to interrupt.

His utterance is an apologize that he expresses his feeling because interrupt the meeting between Margaret and their big boss.

2. Andrew : I'm sorry. That question is not in the binder.

Andrew apologizes because he does not want to talk about that. 3. Margaret : I'm sorry. I'm sorry.

Margaret apologizes to Andrew for letting go of the steering wheel. Her utterance is an apologize that she expresses her feeling after made fault. She apologize and feeling sorry after that.

• Thanking

1. Andrew : Thank you.

Andrew’s utterance is a thanking, because Margaret said that she is exciting to experience him like that, that’s why Andrew says thanks to Margaret.

2. Margaret : Thank you.

Margaret says thanks to Andrew because he closes the curtain. This utterance is an expression of Margaret’s feeling.

• Greeting

1. Andrew : Morning.

Andrew greets Margaret. 2. Andrew : Hey.

Andrew greets Margaret.

• Compliment

1. Andrew : Wow. Nicely done.

Andrew praises Margaret.

2. Margaret : Genius! Genius. He completely fell for it.

Margaret praises Andrew that he was so genius because Mr. Gilbertson believes him.

3. Andrew : Fine. Nice tattoo, by the way.

6) Rogatives

Some utterances that represent rogative illocutionary acts in the dialogue of two main characters of The Proposal are:

1. Margaret : Did you call... What's her name? The one with the ugly hands.

Margaret asks Andrew whether he has called someone with the ugly hands.

2. Margaret : Who is... Who is Jillian? And why does she want me to call her?

Margaret asks Andrew about Jillian.

3. Margaret : And I'm drinking your coffee why?

Margaret asks the Andrew why she drinks his coffee.

4.1.2 Perlocutionary Acts

1. Margaret : What's his twenty?

Andrew : He's moving. He has crazy eyes.

(Andrew looks to Bob’s Office)

2. Margaret : OK. Come get me in ten minutes. We've got a lot to do.

Andrew : Okey-doke. (Andrew follows Margaret)

3. Margaret : Come here!

4. Margaret : This way

Andrew : Margaret.

Margaret : Come.

Andrew : That’s the line (Andrew follows Margaret)

5. Andrew : You heard me. On your knee.

Margaret : Fine. Does this work for you? (Margaret kneeling and ask Andrew to marry her)

6. Margaret : Well. Looks like I won't be getting much sleep with the sun streaming in.

(Andrew closes the window shade)

7. Andrew : Come on. Hug time. Hug time.

Margaret : I don't wanna... Andrew.

Andrew : There we go. Yeah, that's nice. Yeah. That's nice. There we go. Isn't that nice?

(Margaret hugs Andrew)

8. Margaret : Oh, God! You're showing everything. Cover it up, for the love of God! Oh, God, not the Baby Maker. Explain yourself please.

9. Margaret : Go take a shower. You stink.

Andrew : Fine.

(Andrew goes to the bathroom)

10. Margaret : Andrew! Andrew! Andrew! Andrew! Andrew, your mother's at the door. Get up! Get up here!

Andrew : Oh, God.

(Andrew wakes up)

11. Andrew : OK, what do we do? All right. Just spoon me, spoon me...

(Margaret spoons to Andrew)

12. Andrew : Your phone arrived. I'm gonna go into town. Wanna come?

Margaret : Oh, yes, I want to go. I want to go.

(Margaret goes with Andrew)

13. Andrew : To the buoy!

Margaret : OK.

(Margaret swims to the buoy)

14. Andrew : Margaret! Stop talking! Gotta say something.

Margaret : OK.

4.2 Findings

After analyzing each of the utterances of the two main characters in The

Proposal movie, it is found out that there are 365 utterances which can be

included as illocutionary acts and determined into its own category. Below is the percentage of each illocutionary act category:

a) Representatives : 190 times

• Stating : 33 times

• Asserting : 59 times

• Informing : 24 times

• Affirming : 46 times

• Predicting : 7 times

• Retelling : 3 times

• Calling : 14 times

• Answering : 3 times

• Concluding : 4 times

b) Directives : 72 times

• Ordering : 25 times

• Command : 28 times

• Warning : 3 times

• Suggesting : 5 times

• Requesting : 8 times

• Forbidding : 2 times

c) Rogatives : 66 times

• Asking : 66 times

d) Commissives : 20 times

• Promising : 15 times

• Offering : 2 times

• Threatening : 1 time

• Refusing : 2 times

e) Expressives : 13 times

• Apologizing : 4 times

• Thanking : 2 times

• Greeting : 2 times

• Compliment : 5 times

f) Declaratives : 4 times

• Declaring : 4 times

From the percentage above, it can be concluded that representatives is the dominant category in the dialogue of the two main characters in The Proposal

movie. Table 1 shows the frequency of category of illocutionary acts.

From the analysis, there are 14 perlocutionary acts which are done by the two main characters of The Proposal.

Table 1: Frequency of Types of Illocutionary Act (TIA)

NO Types of Illocutionary Act Total %

1. Representatives 191 52.21 %

2. Directives 72 19.72 %

3. Rogatives 66 18.08 %

4. Commissives 20 5.4 %

5. Expressives 13 3.5 %

6. Declaratives 4 1.09 %

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusions

Having analyzed the speech acts in the Touchstone Film The Proposal, the writer comes to the following conclusions.

There are six categories of illocutionary acts found in the dialogue of the two main characters in The Proposal movie. They are representatives, commissives, expressive, directives, rogatives, and declaratives.

The percentages of each category are: representatives 190 times (52.21%), directives 72 times (19.72%), rogatives 66 times (18.08%), commissives 20 times (5.4%), expressive 13 times (3.5%), and declaratives 4 times (1.09%).

The subcategories that are found in each category are: a) Representatives

• Stating : 33 times

• Asserting : 59 times

• Informing : 24 times

• Affirming : 46 times

• Predicting : 7 times

• Retelling : 3 times

• Calling : 14 times

• Answering : 3 times

b) Directives

• Ordering : 25 times

• Command : 28 times

• Warning : 3 times

• Suggesting : 5 times

• Requesting : 8 times

• Forbidding : 2 times

• Inviting : 1 time c) Rogatives : 66 times

• Asking : 66 times d) Commissives

• Promising : 15 times

• Offering : 2 times

• Threatening : 1 time

• Refusing : 2 times e) Expressives

• Apologizing : 4 times

• Thanking : 2 times

• Greeting : 2 times

• Compliment : 5 times f) Declaratives : 4 times

• Declaring : 4 times

There are also 14 perlocutionary acts found out in the dialogues of the two main characters of The Proposal.

5.2 Suggestion

After reading this thesis, the readers hopefully are more understandable about pragmatics especially illocutionary acts. There are more objects of study that the readers can inquire such as advertisement, speech, platforms and any other objects. The writer suggests the reader to do more researchers on linguistics field especially in pragmatics to enrich the sources of pragmatics research and for the development of linguistics.

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Appendix

1. Andrew : Morning.

TIA : Expressives (greeting)

Andrew greets Margaret.

2. Andrew : You have a conference call in 30 minutes.

TIA : Representatives (Informing)

Andrew informs Margaret that she has a conference call in 30 minutes. 3. Margaret : Yes. About the marketing of the spring books. I know.

TIA : Representatives (stating)

Margaret states that she knows the conference call is about the marketing of the spring books.

4. Andrew : Staff meeting at 9.00.

TIA : Representatives (informing) Andrew informs Margaret about the staff meeting.

5. Margaret : Did you call... What's her name? The one with the ugly hands.

TIA : Rogatives (asking)

Margaret asks Andrew whether he has called someone with the ugly hands. 6. Andrew : Janet.

TIA : Representatives (informing)

Andrew informs Margaret the name of the one with the ugly hands. 7. Margaret : Yes, Janet.

Margaret retells the name that told by Andrew.

8. Andrew : Yes. I did. I told her that if she doesn't get her manuscript in on time you won't give her a release date.

TIA : Representatives (affirming)

Andrew affirms that he had called Janet and told her that if she doesn’t get her manuscript in on time Margaret will not give her a release date.

9. Andrew : Your immigration lawyer called. He said it's imperative...

TIA : Representatives (informing) Andrew informs Margaret that her lawyer called.

10. Margaret : Cancel the call, push the meeting to tomorrow, keep the lawyer on the sheets. Get a hold of PR, have them start drafting a press release.

TIA : Directives (command)

Margaret commands Andrew to cancel the call, push the meeting, keep the lawyer on the sheets, and have the PR to start drafting a press release.

11. Margaret : Frank is doing Oprah.

TIA : Representatives (stating) Margaret states that Frank is doing Oprah. 12. Andrew : Wow. Nicely done.

TIA : Expressives (compliment) Andrew praises Margaret.

13. Margaret : If I want your praise, I will ask for it.

TIA : Commissives (refusing) Margaret refuses Andrew’s compliment.

14. Margaret : Who is... Who is Jillian? And why does she want me to call her?

TIA : Rogatives (asking) Margaret asks Andrew about Jillian.

15. Andrew : Well, that was originally my cup.

TIA : Representatives (informing) Andrew informs Margaret that was originally his cup. 16. Margaret : And I'm drinking your coffee why?

TIA : Rogatives (asking)

Margaret asks the Andrew why she drinks his coffee. 17. Andrew : Because your coffee spilled.

TIA : Representatives (informing) Andrew informs Margaret that her coffee spilled.

18. Margaret : So, you drink unsweetened cinnamon light soy lattes?

TIA : Rogatives (asking)

Margaret asks Andrew whether he drinks unsweetened light soy lattes 19. Andrew : I do. It's like Christmas in a cup.

TIA : Representatives (affirming)

Andrew affirms that he drinks the unsweetened light soy lattes and it’s like Christmas in a cup

20. Margaret : Is that a coincidence?

TIA : Rogatives (asking)

21. Andrew : Incredibly, it is. I wouldn't drink the same coffee that you drink just in case yours spilled. That would be pathetic.

TIA : Representatives (stating)

Andrew states that he wouldn’t drink the same coffee that Margaret drinks just in case hers spilled, that would be pathetic.

22. Andrew : Have you finished the manuscript I gave you?

TIA : Rogatives (asking)

Andrew asks Margaret whether she had finished the manuscript he gave her. 23. Margaret : I read a few pages. I wasn't that impressed.

TIA : Representatives (asserting)

Margaret asserts that she read a few pages but she wasn’t impressed. 24. Andrew : Can I say something?

TIA : Directives (requesting) Andrew requests to say something.

25. Margaret : No.

TIA : Directives (forbidding) Margaret forbids Andrew to say something.

26. Andrew : I've read thousands of manuscripts; this is the only one I've given you. There's an incredible novel in there.

TIA : Representatives (asserting)

Andrew asserts that he had read thousands of manuscripts and this is the only he had given to Margaret.

27. Andrew : The kind of novel you used to publish. TIA : Directives (suggesting)

Andrew suggest Margaret to publish the novel

28. Margaret : Wrong. And I do think you order the same coffee as I do just in case you spill, which is, in fact, pathetic.

TIA : Representatives (asserting)

Margaret asserts that she thinks Andrew orders the same coffee as she does just in case his spill, which is in fact, pathetic.

29. Andrew : Or impressive.

TIA : Representatives (asserting) Andrew asserts that Margaret impressive

30. Margaret : I'd be impressed if you didn't spill in the first place.

TIA : Representatives (asserting)

Margaret asserts she would be impressed if Andrew didn’t spill in the first place.

31. Margaret : Remember, you're a prop.

TIA : Declaratives (declaring) Margaret declares that Andrew is a prop. 32. Andrew : Won't say a word.

TIA : Commissives (promising) Andrew promises not to say a word.

33. Margaret : What's his twenty?

TIA : Directives (command)

Margaret commands to Andrew to looks what is Bob doing. 34. Andrew : He's moving. He has crazy eyes.

Andrew informs Margaret that Bob is moving and has crazy eyes 35. Margaret : What was it?

TIA : Rogatives (asking) Margaret asks Andrew something. 36. Andrew : Youtube

TIA : Representatives (informing) Andrew informs Margaret.

37. Margaret : Have security take his breakfront and put it in my conference room.

TIA : Directives (command)

Margaret commands Andrew to have security to take Bob’s breakfront and put it in her conference room.

38. Andrew : Will do.

TIA : Commissives (promising)

Andrew promises Margaret that he will do Margaret’s order.

39. Margaret : I need you this weekend to help review his files and his manuscript.

TIA : Directives (ordering)

Margaret orders Andrew to help her to review Bob’s files and manuscript. 40. Andrew : This weekend?

TIA : Rogatives (asking) Andrew asks Margaret about her order.

41. Margaret : You have a problem with that?

Margaret asks Andrew whether he has a problem with her order.

42. Andrew : No. I... just my grandmother's 90th birthday, so I was gonna go home and... It's fine.

TIA : Representatives (stating)

Andrew states that this weekend is just his grandmother’s 90th birthday and he was going home.

43. Andrew : I'll cancel it.

TIA : Commissives (promising) Andrew promises Margaret that he will cancel it.

44. Andrew : You're saving me from a weekend of misery, so it's... Good talk, yeah.

TIA : Representatives (asserting)

Andrew asserts that Margaret saving him from a weekend misery. 45. Margaret : Was that your family?

TIA : Rogatives (asking)

Margaret asks Andrew whether it was his family who was talking with him on the phone.

46. Andrew : Yes

TIA : Representatives (informing)

Andrew informs Margaret that was his family who was talking with him 47. Margaret : They tell you to quit?

TIA : Rogatives (asking)

Margaret asks Andrew whether his family tell him to quit 48. Andrew : Every single day.

TIA : Representatives (asserting)

Andrew asserts to Margaret that his family asked him every single day to quit. 49. Andrew : Bergen and Malloy want to see you upstairs.

TIA : Representatives (informing)

Andrew informs Margaret that Bergen and Malloy want to see her upstairs. 50. Margaret : OK. Come get me in ten minutes.

TIA : Directives (ordering)

Margaret orders Andrew to come with her in ten minutes. 51. Margaret : We've got a lot to do.

TIA : Representatives (stating) Margaret states that they have got a lot to do. 52. Andrew : Okey-doke.

TIA : Commissives (promising) Andrew promises that he will come to her. 53. Andrew : Sorry to interrupt.

TIA : Expressives (apologizing) Andrew apologizes to interrupt.

54. Margaret : What?

TIA : Rogatives (asking) Margaret asks Andrew what is happen.

55. Andrew : Mary from Ms Winfrey's office called. She's on the line.

TIA : Representatives (informing)

Andrew informs Margaret that Mary from Ms Winfrey office called and she’s on the line.

56. Margaret : I know.

TIA : Representatives (stating) Margaret states that she knows that Marry called.

57. Andrew : She's on hold. She needs to speak with you. I told her you were otherwise engaged. She insisted so...

TIA : Representatives (stating)

Andrew states that she’s on hold and needs to speak with Margaret. 58. Margaret : Come here!

TIA : Directives (command)

Margaret commands Andrew to come to the office.

59. Margaret : We're getting married. We are getting married.

TIA : Declaratives (declaring)

Margaret declares that she and Andrew are getting married. 60. Andrew : Who is getting married?

TIA : Rogatives (asking)

Andrew asks Margaret who is getting married.

61. Margaret : You and I. You and I are getting married! Yes.

TIA : Declaratives (declaring) Margaret declares that they are getting married. 62. Andrew : We are.

TIA : Representatives (retelling) Andrew retells Margaret’s statement.

63. Margaret : Getting married. We are getting married. Yes.

Margaret declares that they are getting married. 64. Margaret : What?

TIA : Rogatives (asking) Margaret asks Andrew.

65. Andrew : I don't understand what's happening.

TIA : Representatives (affirming)

Andrew affirms that he doesn’t understand what’s happening 66. Margaret : Relax. This is for you, too.

TIA : Directives (suggesting) Margaret suggests Andrew to relax.

67. Andrew : Do explain.

TIA : Directives (command)

Andrew commands Margaret to explain what’s happening. 68. Margaret : They were going to make Bob chief.

TIA : Representatives (informing)

Margaret informs Andrew that they were going to make Bob chief. 69. Andrew : Naturally I would have to marry you?

TIA : Rogatives (asking)

Andrew asks Margaret why he should marry her.

70. Margaret : And what's the problem? Like you were saving yourself for someone special?

TIA : Rogatives (asking)

Margaret asks Andrew what’s the problem if she asked him to marry her. 71. Andrew : I like to think so. Besides, it's illegal.

TIA : Representatives (asserting)

Andrew asserts that likes to think so and actually it is illegal.

72. Margaret : They're looking for terrorists, not for book publishers.

TIA : Representatives (asserting)

Margaret asserts that they’re looking for terrorist, not for her. 73. Andrew : Margaret.

TIA : Representatives (calling) Andrew calls Margaret.

74. Margaret : Yes?

TIA : Representatives (answering) Margaret answers Andrew.

75. Andrew : I'm not gonna marry you.

TIA : Commissives (promising)

Andrew promises Margaret that he is not going to marry her.

76. Margaret : Sure you are. Because if you don't, your dreams of touching the lives of millions with the written word are dead. Bob is gonna fire you the second I'm gone. Guaranteed. That means you're out on the street looking for a job. That means the time that we spent together, the lattes, the cancelled dates, the midnight Tampax runs, were all for nothing and all your dreams of being an editor are gone.

TIA : Directives (warning)

Margaret warns Andrew that if he not marries her, his dreams of being an editor are gone.

77. Margaret : Don't worry, after the required allotment of time, we'll get a divorce and you'll be done with me.

TIA : Commissives (promising)

Margaret promises Andrew that they will get a divorce after the required allotment if time.

78. Margaret : But until then, like it or not, your wagon is hitched to mine. OK? Phone.

TIA : Directives (warning)

Margaret warns Andrew that his wagon is hitched to her whether he likes it or not.

79. Margaret : This way.

TIA : Directives (command)

Margaret commands Andrew to follow her by this way 80. Andrew : Margaret.

TIA : Representatives (calling) Andrew calls Margaret.

81. Margaret : Come.

TIA : Directives (command) Margaret commands Andrew to come. 82. Andrew : That’s the line.

TIA : Representatives (asserting) Andrew asserts to Margaret that is the line.

83. Margaret : OK... so, what's gonna happen is we will go up there. We'll pretend we're boyfriend and girlfriend, tell your parents we're engaged.

TIA : Representatives (predicting)

Margaret predicts what is going happen is they will go up there, pretend they are a couple and tell Andrew’s parents they’re engaged.

84. Margaret : Use the miles for the tickets.

TIA : Directives (ordering)

Margaret orders Andrew to use the miles for the tickets. 85. Margaret : I guess I will pop for you to fly first class.

TIA : Representatives (predicting)

Margaret predicts that she will pop Andrew to fly first class.

86. Margaret : But make sure you use the miles. If we don't get the miles we're not doing it. Please confirm the vegan meal.

TIA : Directives (requesting)

Margaret requests Andrew to confirm the vegan miles.

87. Margaret : 'Cause last time they actually gave it to a vegan and they forced me to eat this clammy, warm, creamy salad thing, which was...

TIA : Representatives (stating)

Margaret states that last time, when she flies, they actually gave it to a vegan and they forced her to eat something clammy, warm, creamy salad.

88. Margaret : Hey, I'm... Why aren't you taking notes? TIA : Directives (command)

Margaret commands Andrew to take his notes.

89. Andrew : I'm sorry, were you not in that room?

TIA : Rogatives (asking)

Andrew asks Margaret whether she was in that room or not. 90. Margaret : What? What?

TIA : Rogatives (asking)

Margaret asks Andrew what he is talking about.

91. Andrew : The thing you said about being promoted?

TIA : Representatives (asserting)

Andrew asserts to Margaret about the thing that she said about promoted. 92. Margaret : Genius! Genius. He completely fell for it.

TIA : Expressives (compliment)

Margaret praises Andrew that he was so genius because Mr. Gilbertson believes him.

93. Andrew : I was serious. I'm looking at a $250,000 fine and five years in jail. That changes things.

TIA : Representatives (affirming)

Andrews affirms that he is looking at $250,000 fine and five years in jail. 94. Margaret : Promote you to editor? No, no way.

TIA : Commissives (promising)

Margaret promises that she will not promote Andrew as an editor.

95. Andrew : Then I quit, and you're screwed. - Bye-bye, Margaret.

TIA : Commissives (promising)

96. Margaret : Andrew !

TIA : Representatives (calling) Margaret calls Andrew.

97. Andrew : It really has been a slice of heaven.

TIA : Representatives (asserting)

Andrew asserts that it really has been a slice of heaven. 98. Margaret : Andrew, Andrew! Fine, fine.

TIA : Representatives (calling) Margaret calls Andrew.

99. Margaret : I'll make you editor.

TIA : Commissives (promising)

Margaret promises Andrew that she will make him as an editor.

100. Margaret : If you do the Alaska weekend and the immigration interview, I will make you editor. Happy?

TIA : Commissives (promising)

Margaret promises Andrew that she will make Andrew as an editor if he does the Alaska weekend and the immigration interview.

101. Andrew : And not in two years. Right away.

TIA : Directives (command)

Andrew commands Margaret that she must make him an editor not into two years, but right away.

102. Margaret : Fine

TIA : Representatives (stating)

103. Andrew : And you'll publish my manuscript.

TIA : Directives (command)

Andrew commands Margaret to publish his manuscript. 104. Margaret : Ten thousand copy first...

TIA : Commissives (offering)

Margaret offers to publish Andrew’s manuscript ten thousand copy first. 105. Andrew : Twenty thousand copies first run. We'll tell my family

about our engagement when I want and how I want. Now, ask me nicely.

TIA : Directives (commands)

Andrew commands Margaret to publish twenty thousand copies first and they will tell his family about their engagement when he wants and how he wants and he commands Margaret to ask him nicely.

106. Margaret : "Ask you nicely" what?

TIA : Rogatives (asking)

Margaret asks Andrew about what does he means with his statement to ask him nicely.

107. Andrew : Ask me nicely to marry you, Margaret.

TIA : Directives (ordering)

Andrew orders Margaret to ask him nicely to marry him. 108. Margaret : What does that mean?

TIA : Rogatives (asking) Margaret asks Andrew about his order.

TIA : Directives (ordering)

Andrew orders Margaret to ask him on his knee. 110. Margaret : Fine. Does this work for you?

TIA : Rogatives (asking)

Margaret asks Andrew does this work for him. 111. Andrew : Oh, I like this. Yeah.

TIA : Expressive (compliment) Andrew praises Margaret because she is kneeling. 112. Margaret : Will you marry me?

TIA : Directives (requesting) Margaret requests Andrew to marry her. 113. Andrew : No. Say it like you mean it.

TIA : Directives (command)

Andrew commands Margaret to say it like she means it. 114. Margaret : Andrew?

TIA : Representatives (calling) Margaret calls Andrew.

115. Andrew : Yes, Margaret?

TIA : Representatives (answering) Andrew answers Margaret.

116. Margaret : Sweet Andrew?

TIA : Representatives (calling) Margaret calls Andrew.

TIA : Representatives (stating) Andrew states that he is listening to Margaret.

118. Margaret : Would you please, with cherries on top, marry me?

TIA : Directives (requesting) Margaret request Andrew to marry her.

119. Andrew : OK. I don't appreciate the sarcasm, but I'll do it. See you at the airport tomorrow.

TIA : Commissives (promising) Andrew promises to marry Margaret.

120. Andrew : So, these are the questions that INS is gonna ask us. Now, the good news is, is I know everything about you, but the bad news is that you have four days to learn all this about me.

TIA : Representatives (affirming)

Andrew affirms that he knows everything about her, but Margaret knows nothing about him.

121. Andrew : So, you should... probably get studying.

TIA : Directives (suggesting)

Andrew suggests Margaret to get studying everything about him.

122. Margaret : You know all the answers to these questions about me?

TIA : Rogatives (asking)

Margaret asks Andrew whether he knows everything about her. 123. Andrew : Scary, isn't it?

Andrew affirms that it is scary that he knows everything about her. 124. Margaret : A little bit.

TIA : Representatives (stating)

Margaret states that it is a little bit scared that Andrew knows everything about her.

125. Margaret : What am I allergic to?

TIA : Rogatives (asking)

Margaret asks Andrew what is her allergic to.

126. Andrew : Pine nuts. And the full spectrum of human emotion.

TIA : Representatives (affirming)

Andrew affirms that Margaret allergic to pine nuts and the full spectrum of human emotion.

127. Margaret : Oh, that's... that was funny.

TIA : Representatives (affirming)

Margaret affirms that was funny because Andrew knows what her allergic. 128. Margaret : Here's a good one. Do I have any scars?

TIA : Rogatives (asking)

Margaret asks Andrew does she has any scars.

129. Andrew : I'm pretty sure that you have a tattoo.

TIA : Representatives (affirming)

Andrew affirms that he is pretty sure that Margaret has a tattoo. 130. Margaret : Oh, you're pretty sure?

TIA : Rogatives (asking)

TIA : Directives (ordering)

Andrew orders Margaret to get closer to him so that she will get warm. 329. Margaret : So. You sure about this?

TIA : Rogatives (asking)

Margaret asks Andrew whether he is sure or not about their marriage. 330. Andrew : Not really.

TIA : Representatives (affirming)

Andrew affirms that he is not really sure about their marriage.

331. Margaret : I mean, I am very appreciative of what you've done, but I think that...

TIA : Representatives (affirming)

Margaret affirms that she is very appreciative of what he has done. 332. Andrew : You'd do the same for me. Right?

TIA : Representatives (asserting)

Andrew asserts that Margaret will do the same thing for him. 333. Andrew : If I don't go with her, she's just gonna... TIA : Representatives (affirming)

Andrew affirms that he should go with his gammy. 334. Margaret : Come right back.

TIA : Directives (ordering)

Margaret orders Andrew to come to his gammy. 335. Andrew : Yeah. See you in the morning? TIA : Directives (ordering)

336. Margaret : Yeah.

TIA : Representatives (stating)

Margaret states that she is going to see Andrew in the morning. 337. Andrew : Margaret...

TIA : Representatives (calling) Andrew calls Margaret.

338. Margaret : Andrew, this was a business deal, and you held up your end, but now the deal is off.

TIA : Representatives (asserting)

Margaret asserts that their marriage was a business deal, and he held up his end, but now the deal is off.

339. Margaret : I'm sorry.

TIA : Expressives (apologizing) Margaret apologizes to Andrew.

340. Andrew : Hey.

TIA : Expressive (greeting) Andrew greets Margaret.

341. Margaret : Andrew. Why are, why are you panting? TIA : Rogatives (asking)

Margaret asks Andrew why he is panting. 342. Andrew : Because I've been running. TIA : Representatives (informing)

Andrew informs Margaret that he is panting because he has been running. 343. Margaret : Really. From Alaska?

TIA : Rogatives (asking)

Margaret asks Andrew whether he is running from Alaska. 344. Andrew : I need to talk to you.

TIA : Directives (ordering) Andrew orders Margaret to talk with him.

345. Margaret : Yeah? Well, I don't have time to talk. I need to catch a 5.45 to Toronto.

TIA : Representatives (asserting)

Margaret asserts that she does not have time to talk with Andre because she needs to catch a 5.45 to Toronto.

346. Andrew : Margaret.

TIA : Representatives (calling) Andrew calls Margaret.

347. Andrew : Margaret! Stop talking! Gotta say something. TIA : Directives (command)

Andrew commands Margaret to stop talking because he is going to say something.

348. Margaret : OK.

TIA : Representatives (stating) Margaret states that she is agree to stop talking. 349. Andrew : This will just take a sec. TIA : Representatives (asserting)

Andrew asserts that it will just take a second to say something to Margaret. 350. Margaret : Fine. What?

TIA : Representatives (stating)

Margaret states that she is agree to listen to Andrew.

351. Andrew : Three days ago, I loathed you. I used to dream about you getting hit by a cab. Or poisoned.

TIA : Representatives (affirming)

Andrew affirms that three days ago he loathed Margaret and he used to dream about her getting hit by a cab or poisoned.

352. Margaret : Oh, that's nice.

TIA : Representatives (asserting)

Margaret asserts that is nice to hear Andrew’s statement.

353. Andrew : I told you to stop talking. Then we had our little adventure up in Alaska and things started to change. Things changed when we kissed. And when you told me about your tattoo. Even when you checked me out when we were naked.

TIA : Representatives (affirming)

Andrew affirms that they had their little adventure up in Alaska and things started to change. Things changed when they kissed and when she told him about her tattoo, and when she checked him out when they were naked. 354. Margaret : Well, I didn't see anything...

TIA : Representatives (stating) Margaret states that she didn’t see anything.

355. Andrew : Yeah, you did. But I didn't realise any of this until I was standing alone. In a barn... wife-less. Now, you can imagine

my disappointment when it suddenly dawned on me that the woman I love is about to be kicked out of the country. TIA : Representatives (affirming)

Andrew affirms that Margaret saw it. But he didn’t realize any of this until he was standing alone in a barn, wife-less.

356. Andrew : So, Margaret. Marry me. Because I'd like to date you. TIA : Directives (requesting)

Andrew requests Margaret to marry him.

357. Margaret : Trust me. You don't really want to be with me. TIA : Representatives (asserting)

Margaret asserts that Andrew does not really want to be with her. 358. Andrew : Yes, I do.

TIA : Representatives (affirming) Andrew affirms that he wants to be with Margaret.

359. Margaret : See, the thing is, there is a reason why I've been alone all this time. I'm comfortable that way. And I think it would just be a lot easier if we forgot everything that happened and I just left.

TIA : Representatives (asserting)

Margaret asserts that there is a reason why she has been alone all this time. She is comfortable that way and she thinks it would be just be a lot easier if they forgot everything that happened and she just left.

360. Andrew : You're right. That would be easier. TIA : Representatives (asserting)

Andrew asserts that Margaret is right, that would be easier. 361. Margaret : I'm scared.

TIA : Representatives (stating) Margaret states that she scared.

362. Andrew : Me, too.

TIA : Representatives (stating) Andrew states that he is scared too.

363. Margaret : Aren't you supposed to get down on your knee or something?

TIA : Directives (ordering)

Margaret orders Andrew to get down on his knee and ask her nicely to marry him.

364. Andrew : I'm gonna take that as a "yes". TIA : Representatives (affirming)

Andrew affirms that he is going to take that as a “yes” 365. Margaret : Oh, OK.

TIA : Representative (stating) Margaret states that she agreed.