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3. Pollution Prevention
The use of processes, practices, materials, products or energy that avoiding or minimize the creation of pollutants and wastes, at the source. Pollution
prevention promotes continuous improvement through operational and behavioral changes, Pollution prevention is a shared responsibility among
governments and individuals, industrial, commercial, institutional, and community sectors. It focuses on areas such as:
a. Substances of concern b. Efficient use and conservation of natural resources
c. Operating practices d. Clean production processes which create less waste
e. Training f. Equipment modifications
g. Process changes h. Materials and feedstock substitution
i. Product design and reformulation j. Product life-cycle
k. Purchasing practices Pollution prevention is the preferred strategy for protecting the environmental.
Pollution prevention does not include measures such as diluting constituents to reduce hazard or toxicity, or transferring hazardous or toxic contaminants from
one medium to another or to the work place.
4. Polluter Pays
National authorities should endeavor to promote the internalization of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments, taking into account
the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade
and investment. To encourage sustainable development, that principle assigns polluters the responsibility for remedying contamination for which they are
responsible and imposes on them the direct and immediate costs of pollution. At the same time, polluters are asked to pay more attention to the need to
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protect ecosystems in the course of their economic activities. The principle requires accounting for both the short term and the long term external
environmental costs. This can be undertaken in a number of ways including: a. Environmental factors being included in the valuation of assets and services;
b. Adopting the polluter pays or user pays principle, that is to say, those who generate pollution and waste should bear the cost of containment, avoidance
or abatement; c. The users of goods and services paying prices based on the full life cycle of
the cost of providing goods and services, including the use of natural resources and assets and the ultimately disposal of any waste; and
d. Environmental goals, having been established, being pursued in the most cost effective way, by establishing incentive structures, including market
mechanisms, that enable the best placed to maximise benefits or minimise costs to develop their own solutions and responses to the environmental
problems.
5. Cumulative Impacts
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