The Effects Of Various Additives On Mechanical And Rheological Properties Of Polystyrene/Polvpropylene Blend
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS ADDITIVES ON MECHANICAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
OF POLYSTYRENE I POLVPROPYLENE BLEND
by
HALlMATUDDAHLIANA
Thesis submitted in fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Master of Science
November 2001
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
ACKNOWLDGEMENT
Bismillaahirrahmaanirrahiim,
I would like to express my heartiest appreciation and deep gratitude to my supervisors Prof Madya Dr. Hanafi Ismail and Prof Madya Dr. Mohd Nasir Zainal Arif. Your guide, encouragement, constructive remarks and criticisms are one of paramount importance to the foundation of this research work. Your willingness in revising in the final part of the thesis will alwaysbe appreciated.
I am gratefulto the dean and alI the staff in Schoolof Industrial Technology for their cooperation and help. I am pleased to appreciate the various help and assistance provided by the laboratory assistants and technicians: En. Mohd Noor, Mr Segaran, En. Md Zandar,En. Mohd Hassan,Pak Syed, En. Azhar, and KakJamilah.
I also would like to extend my deepest thanks to my "sisters": Salmah, Hamidah, MauIida and Lilis, my ''brothers'': Indra and Dian and my "Ibu" Jenimar, I thank you all. To my friends: Mariatti, Hao, Susantha, ZuIkitli, Ibrahim, Prerna, , Razaina, Zurina,Ong, BihNi, Shahnon, Ragi, Pipit and alI the numerous friends whose names have not been mentioned, it was nice knowingyou alI.
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Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
ABSTRACT
Studies on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene/polypropylene (PSIPP) blends with and without the addition of various additives were carried out. Blends of 20180, 50/50 and 80/20 (wt%) were prepared through melt blending in a single screw extruder at a
screw speed of 40 rpm. The blending temperature of 200°C was determined by the
consideration of the most suitable melt temperature of the homopolymers. Four types of additives viz. polystyrene-block-poly (ethylene-butylene)-block-polystyrene (SEBS), surlyn, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and sodium salt hydrate of 4 styrenesulfonic acid (ssh4-ssh) were used in this study. The concentration of the additives is 7.Swt%. Tensile strength, elongation at break, Young's modulus and impact strength of the blends with and without additives at different blend composition were compared. Flow behavior, which was measured at various shear stresses (from 11762 to 46144 Pa) was carried out to determine the dependencies of melt viscosity on the blend composition and the addition of additives using melt flow indexer as a rheometer. For mechanical properties, the results indicate that all blend compositions exhibit extremely poor properties. The blends containing SEBS and EVA showed a positive effect to the elongation at break and the impact strength of the blend. In the presence of surlyn the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the blend slightly increased, whereas for ssh-s-ssa showed the negative effect to the blend properties. For non additive blend, all blend compositions exhibit a reduction in melt viscosity, but the incorporation of EVA, surlyn and SEBS produced more resistance system to flow and increased the melt viscosity. However, in the presence of ssb-l-ssa a reduction in melt viscosity was observed, indicating easier for blend to flow. The morphological study
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Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
exhibits different micrograph surfaces of the blends for both with and without additives. These results indicating a multiphase system of the PSIPP blend. At PP-rich blend and intermediate blend composition, PP forms the continuous phase and PS remains as dispersed phase, whereas at PS-rich blend both of the phases seem to remain as continuous. The incorporation of SEBS on 20/80 PSIPP blend, a finer dispersion degree of particles together with morphological evidence of interfacial adhesion was found. On the other hand, the addition of EVA showed a plastic deformation, whereas surlyn showed a finer phase domains. However, the presence of ssh-l-ssa into 20/80 PSIPP blend, the interface does not change so much compared to the non additive blend.
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Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
KESAN PELBAGAI BAHAN PENAMBAH KE ATAS SIFAT MEKANIK. DAN .REOLOGI BAGIADUNAN POLISTIRENAIPOLIPROPILENA
ABSTRAK
Kajian terhadap kesan bahan penambah ke atas sifat mekanik dan reologi bagi adunan polistirenalpolipropilena (PSIPP) telah dijalankan. Adunan 20/80, 50/50 dan 80/20 (berdasarkan berat) telah disediakan melalui pencampuran leburan dengan menggunakan ekstruder skru tunggal pada kelajuan skru 40 rpm. Subu peleburan adunan iaitu 200°C telah ditentukan oleh subu peleburan homopolimer (PS dan PP) yang paling sesuai. Empat jenis bahan penambah pada peratusan 7.5% berdasarkan jumlah berat adunan telah digunakan iaitu polistirena-blok-poli-(etilena-buti1ena)-blok-polistirena (SEBS), surlyn, etilena vinil asetat (EVA) and sodium salt hydrate of 4 styrenesulfonic acid (ssh-4-ssa). Kekuatan tensil, pemanjangan pada takat putus, modulus Young dan kekuatan hentaman bagi adunan PSIPP
tanpa atau dengan bahan penambah pada komposisi adunan berbeza telah dibandingkan.
Sifat aliran pada pelbagai kadar ricih (daripada 11762 hingga 46144 Pa) untuk menentukan kebergantungan nilai kelikatan terhadap komposisi adunan dan penggunaan bahan penambah telah dijalankan dengan menggunakan indek aliran lebur (MFI). Bagi sifat mekanik, keputusan menunjukkan bahawa untuk semua komposisi adunan sifat yang diperolehi adalah tidak baik. Adunan yang mengandungi SEBS dan EVA menunjukkan kesan positif terhadap pemanjangan takat putus campuran. Penambahan surlyn pula meningkatkan kekuatan tensil dan modulus Young adunan tetapi dengan penambahan ssh4-ssa menunjukkan kesan negatif terhadap sifat adunan, Bagi adunan tanpa bahan penambah, kesemua komposisi adunan menunjukkan penurunan kelikatan, tetapi dengan
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Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
penambahan EVA, surlyn dan SEBS didapati kelikatan adunan PSIPP untuk semua komposisi bertambah. Walaubagaimanapun, kehadiran ssh-s-ssa telah menurunkan kelikatan peleburan adunan PSIPP dan memudahkan leburan untuk mengalir. Kajian morfologi menunjukkan keputusan permukaan mikrografyang berbeza bagi adunan PSIPP tanpa ataupun dengan bahan penambah. Keputusan ini menunjukkan sistem multi fasa bagi adunan PSIPP. Bagi komposisi 20/80 dan 50/50, PP membentuk fasa selanjar dan PS membentuk fasa terselerak. Bagi adunan 80/20 kedua-dua PS dan PP membentuk fasa selanjar. Bagi adunan 20/80 penambahan SEBS ke dalam adunan PSIPP, menghasilkan darjah keselerakan partikel yang lebih baik dan bukti morfologi bagi perekatan antaramuka telah diperhatikan. Sementara itu, penambahan EVA menunjukkan deformasi plastik, sedangkan surlyn menunjukkan domain fasa yang lebih baik, Walaubagaimanapun kehadiran ssh-4-ssa ke dalam adunan 20/80 tidak menunjukkan sebarang perubahan yang ketara berbanding dengan adunan tanpa bahan penambah.
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Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
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Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
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Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
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Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
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Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS ADDITIVES ON MECHANICAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
OF POLYSTYRENE I POLVPROPYLENE BLEND
by
HALlMATUDDAHLIANA
Thesis submitted in fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Master of Science
November 2001
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
ACKNOWLDGEMENT
Bismillaahirrahmaanirrahiim,
I would like to express my heartiest appreciation and deep gratitude to my supervisors Prof Madya Dr. Hanafi Ismail and Prof Madya Dr. Mohd Nasir Zainal Arif. Your guide, encouragement, constructive remarks and criticisms are one of paramount importance to the foundation of this research work. Your willingness in revising in the final part of the thesis will alwaysbe appreciated.
I am gratefulto the dean and alI the staff in Schoolof Industrial Technology for their cooperation and help. I am pleased to appreciate the various help and assistance provided by the laboratory assistants and technicians: En. Mohd Noor, Mr Segaran, En. Md Zandar,En. Mohd Hassan,Pak Syed, En. Azhar, and KakJamilah.
I also would like to extend my deepest thanks to my "sisters": Salmah, Hamidah, MauIida and Lilis, my ''brothers'': Indra and Dian and my "Ibu" Jenimar, I thank you all. To my friends: Mariatti, Hao, Susantha, ZuIkitli, Ibrahim, Prerna, , Razaina, Zurina,Ong, BihNi, Shahnon, Ragi, Pipit and alI the numerous friends whose names have not been mentioned, it was nice knowingyou alI.
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Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
ABSTRACT
Studies on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene/polypropylene (PSIPP) blends with and without the addition of various additives were carried out. Blends of 20180, 50/50 and 80/20 (wt%) were prepared through melt blending in a single screw extruder at a
screw speed of 40 rpm. The blending temperature of 200°C was determined by the
consideration of the most suitable melt temperature of the homopolymers. Four types of additives viz. polystyrene-block-poly (ethylene-butylene)-block-polystyrene (SEBS), surlyn, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and sodium salt hydrate of 4 styrenesulfonic acid (ssh4-ssh) were used in this study. The concentration of the additives is 7.Swt%. Tensile strength, elongation at break, Young's modulus and impact strength of the blends with and without additives at different blend composition were compared. Flow behavior, which was measured at various shear stresses (from 11762 to 46144 Pa) was carried out to determine the dependencies of melt viscosity on the blend composition and the addition of additives using melt flow indexer as a rheometer. For mechanical properties, the results indicate that all blend compositions exhibit extremely poor properties. The blends containing SEBS and EVA showed a positive effect to the elongation at break and the impact strength of the blend. In the presence of surlyn the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the blend slightly increased, whereas for ssh-s-ssa showed the negative effect to the blend properties. For non additive blend, all blend compositions exhibit a reduction in melt viscosity, but the incorporation of EVA, surlyn and SEBS produced more resistance system to flow and increased the melt viscosity. However, in the presence of ssb-l-ssa a reduction in melt viscosity was observed, indicating easier for blend to flow. The morphological study
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exhibits different micrograph surfaces of the blends for both with and without additives. These results indicating a multiphase system of the PSIPP blend. At PP-rich blend and intermediate blend composition, PP forms the continuous phase and PS remains as dispersed phase, whereas at PS-rich blend both of the phases seem to remain as continuous. The incorporation of SEBS on 20/80 PSIPP blend, a finer dispersion degree of particles together with morphological evidence of interfacial adhesion was found. On the other hand, the addition of EVA showed a plastic deformation, whereas surlyn showed a finer phase domains. However, the presence of ssh-l-ssa into 20/80 PSIPP blend, the interface does not change so much compared to the non additive blend.
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KESAN PELBAGAI BAHAN PENAMBAH KE ATAS SIFAT MEKANIK. DAN .REOLOGI BAGIADUNAN POLISTIRENAIPOLIPROPILENA
ABSTRAK
Kajian terhadap kesan bahan penambah ke atas sifat mekanik dan reologi bagi adunan polistirenalpolipropilena (PSIPP) telah dijalankan. Adunan 20/80, 50/50 dan 80/20 (berdasarkan berat) telah disediakan melalui pencampuran leburan dengan menggunakan ekstruder skru tunggal pada kelajuan skru 40 rpm. Subu peleburan adunan iaitu 200°C telah ditentukan oleh subu peleburan homopolimer (PS dan PP) yang paling sesuai. Empat jenis bahan penambah pada peratusan 7.5% berdasarkan jumlah berat adunan telah digunakan iaitu polistirena-blok-poli-(etilena-buti1ena)-blok-polistirena (SEBS), surlyn, etilena vinil asetat (EVA) and sodium salt hydrate of 4 styrenesulfonic acid (ssh-4-ssa). Kekuatan tensil, pemanjangan pada takat putus, modulus Young dan kekuatan hentaman bagi adunan PSIPP
tanpa atau dengan bahan penambah pada komposisi adunan berbeza telah dibandingkan.
Sifat aliran pada pelbagai kadar ricih (daripada 11762 hingga 46144 Pa) untuk menentukan kebergantungan nilai kelikatan terhadap komposisi adunan dan penggunaan bahan penambah telah dijalankan dengan menggunakan indek aliran lebur (MFI). Bagi sifat mekanik, keputusan menunjukkan bahawa untuk semua komposisi adunan sifat yang diperolehi adalah tidak baik. Adunan yang mengandungi SEBS dan EVA menunjukkan kesan positif terhadap pemanjangan takat putus campuran. Penambahan surlyn pula meningkatkan kekuatan tensil dan modulus Young adunan tetapi dengan penambahan ssh4-ssa menunjukkan kesan negatif terhadap sifat adunan, Bagi adunan tanpa bahan penambah, kesemua komposisi adunan menunjukkan penurunan kelikatan, tetapi dengan
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penambahan EVA, surlyn dan SEBS didapati kelikatan adunan PSIPP untuk semua komposisi bertambah. Walaubagaimanapun, kehadiran ssh-s-ssa telah menurunkan kelikatan peleburan adunan PSIPP dan memudahkan leburan untuk mengalir. Kajian morfologi menunjukkan keputusan permukaan mikrografyang berbeza bagi adunan PSIPP tanpa ataupun dengan bahan penambah. Keputusan ini menunjukkan sistem multi fasa bagi adunan PSIPP. Bagi komposisi 20/80 dan 50/50, PP membentuk fasa selanjar dan PS membentuk fasa terselerak. Bagi adunan 80/20 kedua-dua PS dan PP membentuk fasa selanjar. Bagi adunan 20/80 penambahan SEBS ke dalam adunan PSIPP, menghasilkan darjah keselerakan partikel yang lebih baik dan bukti morfologi bagi perekatan antaramuka telah diperhatikan. Sementara itu, penambahan EVA menunjukkan deformasi plastik, sedangkan surlyn menunjukkan domain fasa yang lebih baik, Walaubagaimanapun kehadiran ssh-4-ssa ke dalam adunan 20/80 tidak menunjukkan sebarang perubahan yang ketara berbanding dengan adunan tanpa bahan penambah.
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Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
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Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
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Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
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Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
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Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008
Hallmatuddahliana : The effects of various additives on mechanical and rheological properties of polystyrene..., 2001 USU e-Repository © 2008