An Analysis Of Blend Words And Componential Analysis Of "Foodimals" In The Movie Cloudy With A Chance Of Meatballs2

A Thesis

Submitted to the Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Strata One (S1)

By:

DESI HASNI ASIS 1110026000049

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

i ABSTRACT

Desi Hasni Asis. An Analysis of Blend words and Componential Analysis of

“Foodimals” in the Movie Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2.Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta 2014.

This research is aimed to analyze the word formation process of blend words, component meaning and the meaning of foodimals based on context in

Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 film. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The method of descriptive qualitative used by the writer is content analysis. To analyze the word formation process of blend the writer

uses Ingo Plag’s theory and componential analysis by Eugene A. Nida with

naming technique.

After analyzing the data, the writer concludes that the blend words of foodimals use first class of blend. Two of the blend words of foodimals are right-headed while eight of the blend words of foodimals are left-headed.

The suitable theory used to get the meaning components of base and blend words is naming technique with the dictionary and context of the film. The meaning of blend words relates to context of the film and process of blend word formation where the head of the word establishes the meaning.

iv

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Jakarta, December 2014

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, the writer like to thank Allah SWT, the lord of the world for giving her the best guidance, brightest lights and deepest mercy. The pour of blessing lead her to finish this thesis. ShalawatandSalamalways devoted to our Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, who has guided us from the darkness to enlightenment in the world.

The writer would like to express my gratitude for my advisors Sholikatus

Sa’diyah, M.Pd. and Rima Muryantina, S.Hum.,M.Ling. who always give inspirations, encouragements, critiques, and sincere guidance for me to finish the thesis. The writer also would like to take this opportunity for expressing my deep and sincere gratitude and thankfulness to:

1. Prof. Dr. Oman Fathurahman, M.Hum., The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Humanities.

2. Drs. A. Saefudin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department.

3. Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of English LettersDepartment. 4. All of the lecturers in English Letters Department for their valuable

knowledge.

5. All the librarians of Adab and Humanities Faculty and State IslamicUniversity.

6. My beloved parents: Hajidin and Dodoh for their limitless support, pray and endless love.

7. My beloved brother and sister: Deni Panjayana and Della Maryana for their support.

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writing my thesis.

Finally, the writer realizes that this thesis is not perfect, that is why the writer welcomes to receive the critic and suggestion for this thesis to be better. The writer hopes this thesis will be useful, particularly for the writer and for those who interested in this field.

Jakarta, December 2014

vii

THE LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Combination of Syllabic Constituents in Polysyllabic Blends…. 17

Table 2: The Size of Blends, Measured in Number of Syllables………… 18

Table 3: Semantic Features………. 22

Table 4: Blend Words of Foodimals on theFilm………... 27

Table 5: Process of Blend Word of Flamango……….... 29

Table 6: Meaning Components of Base Words of Flamingo and Mango.. 29

Table 7: Meaning Components of Blend Word of Flamango………….... 29 Table 8: Checking List of Meaning Component of Flamingo, Mango and

Flamango……… 30

Table 9: Process of Blend Word of Shrimpanzee………... 32 Table 10: Meaning Components of Base Words of Shrimp and

Chimpanzee……….... 32

Table 11: Meaning Components ofBlend Word of Shirmpanzee………. 33

Table 12: Checking List of Meaning Component of Shrimp, Chimpanzee

and Shrimpanzee………. 33

Table 13: Process of Blend Word of Watermelophant………... 35 Table 14: Meaning Components of Base Words of Watermelon and

Elephant……….. 35

Table 15: Meaning Components of Blend Word of Watermelophant…… 36 Table 16: Checking List of Meaning Component of Watermelon,

viii

Table 20: Checking List of Meaning Component of Sushi, Sheep and

Susheep………... 39

Table 21: Process of Blend Word of Cantelope………. 41

Table 22: Meaning Components of Base Words of Cantaloupe and

Antelope……….. 41

Table 23: Meaning Components of Blend Word of Cantelope………….. 42

Table 24: Checking List of Meaning Component of Cantaloupe,

Antelope and Cantelope……….. 42

Table 25: Process of Blend Word of Cheespider……… 44

Table 26: Meaning Components of Base Words of Cheeseburger and

Spider……….. 44

Table 27: Meaning Components of Blend Word of Cheespider……... 45

Table 28: Checking List of Meaning Component of Cheeseburger,

Spider and Cheespider……… 45

Table 29: Process of Blend Word ofBananostrich……… 47

Table 30: Meaning Components of Base Words of Banana and Ostrich... 47

Table 31: Meaning Components of Blend Word of Bananostrich………. 48

Table 32: Checking List of Meaning Component of Banana, Ostrich and

Bananostrich………... 48

ix

Table 34: Meaning Components of Base Words of Taco and Crocodile... 50

Table 35: Meaning Components of Blend Word of Tacodile………….... 51

Table 36: Checking List of Meaning Component of Taco, Crocodile and

Tacodile……….. 51

Table 37: Process of Blend Word of Mosquitoast………. 53

Table 38: Meaning Components of Base Words of Mosquito and Toast.. 53

Table 39: Meaning Components of Blend Word of Mosquitoast……….. 53

Table 40: Checking List of Meaning Component of Mosquito, Toast and

Mosquitoast……… 54

Table 41: Process of Blend Word of Meatballrus……….. 55

Table 42: Meaning Components of Base Words of Meatball and Walrus. 56

Table 43: Meaning Components of Blend Word of Meatballrus………... 56

Table 44: Checking List of Meaning Component of Meatball, Walrus

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT………... i

APPROVAL SHEET……… ii

LEGALIZATION………. iii

DECLARATION………... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……… v

THE LIST OF TABLES………... vii

THE LIST OF FIGURE………... x

TABLE OF CONTENTS………... ix

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study………... 1

B. Focus of the Study………... 3

C. Research Question………... 4

D. Significance of the Study……….... 4

E. Research Methodology……… 4

1. Objective of Research………... 4

2. Method of Research……….. 5

3. Collecting Data……….. 5

4. Technique of Data Analysis……….. 6

5. Instrument of the Research………... 6

xii

1. Morphology………... 10

2. Morpheme………. 10

3. Word Formation Process………... 11

a. Affixation……… 11

b. Conversion……….. 12

c. Clipping………... 12

d. Blend………... 13

e. Acronym and Abbreviation………. 19

f. Compound………... 20

4. Meaning………. 20

5. Componential Analysis………. 21

6. Procedural Steps in the Analysis of Diagnostic Component… 23 7. Context………... 24

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDINGS A. Data Description………... 27

B. Data Analysis……….. 28

CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion………... 58

B. Suggestion………... 59

xiii APPENDIX

A. Synopsis of Cloudy of a Chance ofMeatball 2 Film……….. 62

1

A. Background of the Study

A word is not a minimal unit of language; it is composed by most elemental units of grammatical forms called morpheme. A word may be composed of one or more morphemes such as boy, boyish and boyishness.1

Boyishness is a word composed of three morphemes such as boy, -ish and _–

ness. Morpheme boy is added by two morphemes _–ish and -ness.

Decomposition of those morphemes builds a new word in English.

Forming a new word in the field of linguistics is investigated in morphology and known as word-formation. Morphology examines the rule of forming the words and explains how the words are formed. New words enter a language in a variety of ways. Some are created outright to fit some purposes such as in advertisement. Kodak, nylon, Orlon and Dacron are words entered to English via advertisement industry.2

Another industry, which creates new words is the film industry. Directors or scriptwriters of films use their fantasy to create new words according to the film they made. They frequently make new words for the setting of places, the titles, the names of the characters, and the terms related to the story of the film.Wonderlandis a new word used in the setting of place in the film Alice in Wonderland, Snow White is also a word used for the

1

Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams.An Introduction to Language.(7th Edition United States: Heinle. 2003), p.76.

2

2

character and the title in the film Snow White and Jarvis is a word used for the term in the film Iron Man.This makes the study of word-formation in the film is important.

Word formation is often used by the script writers or the directors like in the film titled Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller. In this study, the writer focuses on the blend word-formation.

The examples of blend word-formation found in the film are

cheespider,flamanggo, and shrimpanzee. The word cheespider is formed by two words, they are cheeseburger and spider. Then, the new word also gets a new meaning that is different from the word before, which reflects a message related to the storyline of the film.Those words used in the film did not exist in the dictionary before and they are the new words in English.Furthermore, the film focuses on the food terms called foodimals that reflected by the title. The uniqueness of the blend word-formation used in the film makes the writer interested to analyze.

The film is a second sequel of Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs film. It is dubbed by BillHader (Flint Lockwood) and Anna Faris (Sam Sparks). This film produced by Columbia Picture in 2013 is directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller. This film is adapted from a children book with the same title in 1978 written by Judi Barrett and Ron Barret.3

The story is about a man named Flint Lockwood who is an inventor of food machine, FLDSMDFR, who works for his idol in the food company,

3

Wow Keren,‘Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2’ di Puncak Box Office,accessed on 15 April 2014 formhttp://www.wowkeren.com/berita/tampil/00040605

Live Corp. Flint’s idol asks him to expropriate cleaning up the city from the living foods. The adventure of Flint and his friends begin when his idol asks him to find and destroy the machine so that the foods do not interface the world citizens.

Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 is a film that uses unique food terms called foodimals and how the word-formation of the film encourages the writer to do further study about word-formation and its meaning. The writer analyzes the formation of words especially the blend of foodimals using morphology approach with word formation theory. She explains how the words are formed. Then, the writer analyzes the component meaning of the words using semantic approach with componential analysis and relates it to the context of the film.

B. Focus of the Study

The research focuses on the word-formation analysis on blend words especially the food terms (foodimals) based on Ingo Plag’s theory and the

analysis of meaning components of the new words based on componential analysis by Eugene A. Nida of particular terms used in the movieCloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2directed by Phil Lord and Christopher foodimals are unique, do not exist on the Oxford, Cambridge, Merriam Webster dictionary or any other well-acknowledged dictionaries and those words become a main focus on the story.

4

C. Research Question

1. How do the processes of blends word-formation occur in the film entitled

Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2based on Ingo Plag’s theory?

2. How are the component meanings of blends word-formation described in componential analysis?

3. How are the new meanings of the words built related to the context of the film?

D. Significance of the Study

The writer hopes through this research, the readers’ knowledge in the

field of morphology especially on word-formation and semantics about componential analysis will be broadened. Moreover, the research is expected to give contribution for people to understand the processes of word formation and componential analysis. Besides, this research enriches the vocabularies of English for the readers. The research is expected to give a deeper understanding to get the real meaning of the terms occurring inCloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2film. Hence, the viewers, especially the children as the primary target audience, understand the plot of whole story and the messages delivered in the film.

E. Research Methodology

1. The Objective of Research

The research aims to find out about:

1. The processes of blends word-formation occur in the film entitled

2. The component meanings of blends word-formation described in componential analysis.

3. The new meaning of the words after combined together based on the

context of the film.

2. Method of Research

Based on research question and objective of the research above, the method used is descriptive qualitative. Descriptive qualitative is the method of research used to describe nature phenomenon happened and

relevancies between one phenomena and others.4 The method of

descriptive qualitative used by the writer is content analysis. Content analysis is any technique for making inferences by systematically and objectively identifying specified characteristics of messages.5This method is used to look for the processes of the word formed and the component meaning of the blend words of foodimals in the film.

3. Collecting Data

To collect the data, the writer watches the film. Based on theory of word formation by Ingo Plag, Plag states seven process (affixation, conversion, clipping, blend, acronym and abbreviation, and compound) but the writer focuses on blend process. The writer gets sixteen data of blend words. From the sixteen data, the writer analyzes ten data of blend words

4

Muhammad Farkhan. Proposal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra. (Edisi Revisi, Jakarta: Adabia Press. 2011), p.4.

5

Ole R. Holsti.Content Analysis. In G. Lindzey & E. Aaoroson (eds), The Handbook of Social Psychology.(Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. 1986), p. 601.

6

that concern on food terms (foodimals) on the film. The writer focuses the data on blend words of foodimals because the film analyzed focuses on the food that is reflected from the title and those words are unique.

4. Technique of Data Analysis

Data acquired for this research are ten blend words of foodimalsfound on the film. The writer watches the film and selects the blend words of foodimals. The data will be analyzed using the theory of formation by Ingo Plag to analyze the processes of blend word-formation, and analyzed the component meaning of each word using theory of componential analysis by Eugene A. Nida with naming process and described using context in the film to find the meaning corresponding to the research questions.

5. Instrument of the Research

Instrument of research is the writer herself by watching the film, making the notes of blend words of foodimals found, analyzing the processes of blend word-formation based on the theory of Ingo Plag and analyzing the meaning component using componential analysis theory by Eugene A. Nida and context in the film. Besides the writer, the other supporting instruments of the research is the film to obtain the data of blend words of foodimals.

6. Unit of Analysis

Unit of analysis of this research is blend words of food terms that called foodimals in the film titledCloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2that

adapted from a children book with the same title in 1978 by Judi Barret and Ron Barret. This film is directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller with a length of 1 hour and 34 minutes, produced by Columbia Picture and released in September 2013.

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION

A. Previous Research

As consideration, the writer lists two theses with similar topics about Word-Formation and Componential Analysis. The first thesis was done by

Laila Afifa with her thesis entitled “An Analysis of Word Formation and Meaning Component in the Mini Dictionary on Owl City Blog (http://owlcityblog.com/).”6The focus of her research is the word formation process and the meaning components of the new words in the mini dictionary on Owl City Blog (http://owlcityblog.com/).

She uses the Word-Formation theory by George Yule for analyzing word formation and componential analysis by Eugene A. Nida with paraphrasing technique in analyzing the meaning component. The result of the analysis is the most word formation processes used in the Mini Dictionary on Owl City Blog are multiple processes, blending and derivation. The word formation and meaning component are related to each other.

The second thesis was done by Alif Ramdhani entitled “Word

-Formation and Componential Analysis on the Names of Music Festival in

Indonesia 2011.”7The focus of his research is the word-formation and component meaning of new words in the names of music festival 2011. He uses word formation theory by Ingo Plag and componential analysis with

6

Laila Afifa. An Analysis of Word Formation and Meaning Component in the Mini Dictionary Owl City Blog (http://owlcityblog.com/).(Jakarta: Uin Syarif Hidayatullah, 2012), p.iv.

7

Alif Ramdhani. Word Formation and Componential Analysis on the Names of Music Festival in Indonesia 2011.(Jakarta: Uin Syarif Hidayatullah, 2012), p.iv.

naming process by Eugene A. Nida. The result of the analysis is blend and compound are commonly used in the name Music Festival and the appropriate theory for analyzing the component meaning is naming type.

Meanwhile, the writer herself chooses word formation and componential analysis as two issues to be discussed in this thesis. The focus of the research is on analyzing the process of blend words of foodimals in

Cloudy with a Chance of Meatball 2 film, component meaning of the blend words and those meaning based on context of the film. The theories that the writer used are the concept of word formation proposed by Ingo Plag and Componential Analysis with naming process by Eugene A. Nida.

The differences among the writer’s thesis and the two previous theses

are the corpus of the research used to obtain the data for the analysis. Laila Afifa uses dictionary and Alif Ramadhani uses music festival names, while the writer uses film. The focus of their thesis are all of types of the word formation and component meaning, while the writer focuses on blend words, component meanings and the meaning of the words in relation to the context of the film.

Moreover, technique of componential analysis the writer used in analyzing in this research is naming technique that is different from Laila Afifah. The difference between the writer and Alif Ramadhani is in this research the writer exposing the meaning of the blend words of foodimals using the context of the film.

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B. Concept

1. Morphology

Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.8 Kentjono defines morphology is “A

study concerned about internal structure of grammatical word, hence

morphology commonly called the order of word or grammar form.” It means that morphology is concerned withthe internal structure of the

word.9McCarthy defines morphology as the scope of grammar concerned

with the structure of words and relationship between words involving the

morphemes that compose them.10 In this term, morphology does not only

exposethe structure of words but also the structure of morphemes as the basic unit of analysis.

2. Morpheme

The linguistic term for the most elemental unit of grammatical

form is morpheme.11The definition of morpheme based on Stageberg is a

short segment of language that has three criteria such as: (1) It is a word or a part of a word that has meaning. (2) It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of its meaning or without meaningless remainders. (3) It recurs in differing verbal environments with a relatively

8

Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams.An Introduction to Language. (7th Edition,New York: Heinle, 2003), p.76.

9

Djoko Kentjono.Morfologi in Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistikby Kushartanti, Untung Yuwono, and Multamia RMT Lauder. (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005), p.144.

10

Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy.An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure.(Great Britain: Edinburgh University Press, 2002), p.16.

11

stable meaning.12 It means that a morpheme can be a meaningful single word or a piece of word. Second, a morpheme is meaningless if it is divided into smaller parts. Last, morpheme has a stable meaning even in the different verbal occasion.

Morpheme is classified into two types, they are, free and bound morpheme. Free morpheme is morphemes that can stand by themselves as a single word, for example, open and tour. Bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot normally stand alone and is typically attached to another form, such as re-, -ist, -ed, and _–s. 13 Free morpheme can come alone as a single word and it has own meaning without adding other morphemes. Moreover, bound morpheme cannot come alone as a single word and need to add by other morphemes to be a meaningful word.

3. Word Formation Process a. Affixation

Plag defines affix as a bound morpheme that attaches to bases.14 An affix can be possessed in the beginning or the end of a base. Affix that appears in the beginning of base is prefixes such as un- and mis-, while affix that appears in the end of the base is suffixes such as –less and

12

Norman C. Stageberg. An Introductory English Grammar. (3rd Edition, Iowa: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976), p.95.

13

George Yule. The Study of Language. (4th Edition, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p.68.

14

Ingo Plag.Word-Formation in English.(United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.72.

12

ish.15Another example of suffixes are –ing in word sleeping and-er in word beautifier.16 While another example of prefixes are de- in word decomposition, andanti-in word antivirus.17

b. Conversion

Yule states conversion is a process of forming a word where the word does not have a reduction while it has a change in the function of word.18 Bauer has the similar argue that conversion is the change in form class of a form without any corresponding change of form.19 Hence, conversion is process of forming a word without any reducing the base form of words but changing the function words.

A conversion process can occur in noun becoming verb (the bottle becoming to bottle), verb becoming noun (to call becoming a call), adjective becoming verb (better becoming to better), and adjective

becoming noun (poor becoming the poor.)20

c. Clipping

Clipping, based on Adams, is the process by which a word of two or more syllables (usually a noun) is shortened without a change in its

15

George Yule. The Study of Language. (4th Edition, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p.59.

16

Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams.An Introduction to Language(7th edition,New York: Heinle, 2003), p.78.

17

Ingo Plag.Word-Formation in English.(United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.99-100.

18

Yule,op. cit.,p.57. 19

Laurie Bauer. English Word Formation. (United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p.32.

20

function taking place.21While other literature defines clipping is cutting of the beginning or the end of a word, or both, leaving a part to stand for the whole.22Hence, clipping can be defined as a process of cutting a word of two or more syllables either in the beginning or in the end of a word while without any changing of the meaning and function of the base. The examples of clipped words which are commonly used such as pop from popular music, bike from bicycle, and mike from microphone.23

d. Blend

Blend is the process of combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term. Blending is taken by cutting the beginning of the word and joining it to the end of other word. The combined effects of smoke and fog, results a new word smog.24

Moreover, Plag states the best treatment in describing blends is in terms of prosodic categories (phonological phenomenon as the domain of syllabification). Blends mostly are built of two or more base words, but the base words cut with a massive loss of phonetic (or orthographic) material. According to Dressler quoted by Plag, blending has often been described as a rather irregular phenomenon where the rule is not transparent, yet Plag finds degree of regularity.25

21

Valarie Adams. An Introduction to Modern English Word Formation. (English Language Series Title No 7, United State: Longman, 1973), p.135.

22

Norman C. Stageberg. An Introductory English Grammar. (3rd Edition, Iowa: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976), p.128.

23

Adams,op. cit.,p.135-136. 24

George Yule. The Study of Language. (4th Edition, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p.55-56.

25

Ingo Plag.Word-Formation in English.(United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.121-122.

14

Plag is categorized blends into two different types below:26 (1) Type 1:

Breath + analyzer → breathalyzer

Motor + camp → mocamp

Motor + hotel → motel

Science + fiction → sci-fi

(2) Type 2:

Boat + hotel → boatel

Boom + hoist → boost

Breakfast + lunch → brunch

Channel + tunnel → chunnel

Compressor + expander → compander

Goat + sheep → geep

Guess + estimate → gueestimate

Modulator + demodulator → modem

Sheep + goat → shoat

Smog + fog → smog

Spanish + English → Spanglish

Stagnation + inflation → stagflation

The meaning of words in the first type is one where the first element modifies the second element. Thus, a breath analyzer is a kind of analyzer (not a kind of breath). Whereas, the meaning of words in the second type denotes entities that both elements contribute to share their properties. For instance, the meaning of a brunch is both breakfast and

26

lunch.27

Another literature also classifies blends into two types, the right-headed where the first source word modifies the second, for the example

motel which the meaning is a kind of hotel, and coordinating where both have equal status, for the example spork which the meaning is equally spoon and fork. However, there is one type of blends, the left-headed, as the example acceleread built by the word accelerate and read, which the word accelerate is the head where the meaning is a kind of accelerate.28

In spite of the semantic properties of blends, the next is about the prosodic properties of blends. The basic rule of words in the second type is the first part of the first element combined with the second part of second element (as quoted from Bauer). This can be formulated as a rule, with A, B, C and D, referring to the respective parts of the elements involved:29

Blending rule A B + C D → AD

As evidenced by guesstimate, B or C can be null, one of the two forms may appear in its full form. Taking the orthographic representation, guesstimate does not truncate the first element (B is null) while taking the orthographic representation, the word estimate is not truncated, hence C is null. Similar examples can be found. There is only one veritable exception

27

Ingo Plag.Word-Formation in English.(United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.122.

28

Katherine Shaw, Andrew White, Elliott Moreto, and Fabian Monrose. Emergent Faithfulness to Morphological and Semantic Heads in Lexical Blends.(United States: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 2014), p.2, accessed from http://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/amphonology/article/view/45/51

29

16

to this pattern in the dataabove, namely modem, where the blend structure

AC instead of AD (modulator-demodulator).30

The rule of speaker cutting the base word to make a blend word is not arbitrary but constrained by prosodic categories. From the data above, there are two types of restrictions. The first has to do with syllable structure the second with the size. Firstly, the syllable structure are introduced. The structure of a syllable was described as having four constituents- onset, nucleus, coda, with nucleus and coda forming the so-called rime. Applying this structural model to the data above, it can be seen that in the truncation process the constituents of syllables are left intact. Only syllabic constituent as a whole can be deleted. In monosyllabic blends, for example, they take either the onset of the first element and the rime of the second element, or onset and nucleus of the first element and the coda of the second. As the following example:31

Combinations of syllabic constituents in monosyllabic blends,

applying the blending rule AB + CD→ AD

30

Ingo Plag.Word-Formation in English.(United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.123.

31

a. goat + sheep→ geep

Figure 1. Combination of syllable constituents in monosyllabic blends

Then, the polysyllabic blends treat the same constraints (AB + CD

→ AD) but the differences are that there are some more constituents that can be combined with a number of possibilities sets, as the following:32 Table 1. Combinations of syllabic constituents in polysyllabic blends

A D A+D, examples

Onset penultimate rime and

ultimate syllable

b + oatel ch + unnel

Onset and nucleus ultimate syllable boa + tel

32

Ingo Plag.Word-Formation in English.(United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.124.

18

Onset and nucleus coda and ultimate

syllable

spa + nglish

Onset Syllable g + estimate

Syllable ultimate rime boat + el

Syllable Syllable com + pander

guess+ timate stag + flation

It can be seen that in prosodic constituent, syllabic constituent is the important role in limiting the type material to be deleted or combined. The next type of restriction is the size of blends word by counting the

number of base words’ syllables, as the following examples:33

Table 2. The size of blends, measured in number of syllables.

Base words Blend AB CD AD

boat + hotel Boatel 1 2 2

boot + hoist Boost 1 1 1

breakfast + lunch Brunch 2 1 1

channel + tunnel Chunnel 2 2 2

compressor + expander compander 3 3 3

goat + sheep Geep 1 1 1

guess + estimate guesstimate 1 3 3

sheep + goat Shoat 1 1 1

smoke + fog Smog 1 1 1

Spanish + English Spanglish 2 2 2

stagnation + inflation stagflation 3 3 3

According to explanation above, the two words combined to be blends words have the same size with the components of blends. Nevertheless, there are some words that have the different size with the others such as brunch, boatel, and guesstimate, follow the size of second element.34

The structure of blends is restricted into three, semantic, syntactic,

33

Ingo Plag.Word-Formation in English.(United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.125

34

and prosodic. Blends act semantically and syntactically as copulative compound while they are described phonologically into three restrictions. First, combining the first and the last part of word become one. Second, blends are made up by syllable constituents such as onset, nuclei, coda, rime or complete syllables. Last, the size of blends words is determined by the second element.35

Hence, blends are not only made up by blending two words but also determined the size of blends and the syllables of the component. Moreover, the meaning of blend word can be one where the first element modifies the second, and share the properties of both elements.

e. Acronym and Abbreviation

According to Yule, acronyms are new words formed by the initial letters of a set of other words. The word such as CD (Compact Disk) is formed by the initial letters of the words where the pronunciation is pronounced each separate letter.36 Bauer argues that to call a word as an acronym, the word must be pronounced as a word yet as a separated letter. An acronym that pronounced as a separated letter is called an abbreviation. Hence, the word Value Added Tax pronounced /vi eɪti/ is an abbreviation, while if it is pronounced /væt/that is an acronym.37

35

Ingo Plag.Word-Formation in English.(United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.125

36

George Yule. The Study of Language. (4th Edition, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p.58.

37

Laurie Bauer. English Word Formation. (United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p.237.

20

In conclusion, the difference between acronym and abbreviation is how they are pronounced. An acronym is formed by taking the initial letter of words and pronounced as a single word. An abbreviation is formed by taking the initial letter of words and pronounced as a separated letter.

f. Compound

Stenberg defines compound is process of combining two or more words becoming one.38 While Plag states that compound is a word that consists of two elements which the first is either a root, word or phrase, and the second is either a root or word.39The examples of compounds such as bookcase, doorknob, fingerprint, sunburn, textbook and wallpaper are compound noun. While the examples of compound adjective are good-looking and low-paid.40

4. Meaning

Definition of meaning based on Darmojuwono is

“….. human’s knowledge and experience as an information source

saved in the human brain as a mental unity called concept. Meaning is indirectly influenced by concept and its object. Hence meaning is a unity knowledge and experience mental related to

symbol language that represented it.”41

38

Norman C. Stageberg. An Introductory English Grammar. (3rd Edition, Iowa: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976), p.127.

39

Ingo Plag.Word-Formation in English. (United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.135.

40

Ibid.p.55. 41

Setiawati Darmojuwono. Semantik in Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik by Kushartanti, Untung Yuwono, and Multamia RMT Lauder. (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005), p.121.

It means that meaning is a concept of an object which is related to its symbol, moreover concept and object influence the meaning. Moreover

a concept here is human’s knowledge and experience as the information source saved in the mind. Based on Huford, the theory of what meaning is, recognizing the distinction between speaker meaning and sentence meaning or word meaning. Sentence or word meaning is what a sentence or word means, what it counts as the equivalent of in the language concerned.42

5. Componential Analysis

Componential analysis is the process of determining semantic features or components that differentiate the members of the set from one another.43 The important point for defining feature is the recognition of two kinds of features, distinctive and non-distinctive. All features that can be recognized in an entity are part of its description, but the definition of a lexeme within a set of field requires to note what feature or features distinguish it from other members of the set or field and what features are

just ‘there,’ not distinctive.44

To describing part of the meaning of words in semantic feature, it uses a plus (+) sign to describe having a particular feature or negative (-) sign for not having.45

42

James Huford, Brendan Heasley, and Michael B. Smith.Semantics: A Coursebook. (2nd edition,Singapore: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p.3

43

Charles W. Kleidler.Introducing English Semantics.(Great Britain: Routledge, 1998), p.87-88.

44

Ibid.p.88-89. 45

George Yule. The Study of Language. (4th Edition, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p.114.

22

Table 3. Semantic Features

Table Horse Boy Man Girl Woman

Animate + + + + + +

Human - + + + + +

Female - - - - + +

Adult - - - + - +

There are four types procedures to analyze in componential analysis are naming, paraphrasing, defining and classifying. The first process, naming is similar to reference but there is different perspective. Naming is the specific act of designating such a referent. In naming process the procedural steps number 2 and 5 are relevant to do the analysis.46

Second, paraphrasing is process of explaining a distinctive feature

of a word. For example, uncle can be defined as my father’s brother or my mother’s brother.47 It means that paraphrase is a process of describing or explaining a word for getting a meaning.

Third, defining is simply another form of paraphrase. Defining combines the appropriate referents of paraphrase to be a single statement that related to the referent in question. 48Last, classifying is process of relating some words in similar feature to get a meaning for such group.49

46

Eugene A. Nida.Componential Analysis of Meaning.(London: University Press, 1979), p.64-65.

47

Ibid.p.65 48

Ibid.p.65. 49

6. Procedural Steps in the Analysis of Diagnostic Components

There are six procedural steps in analyzing diagnostic components based on Nida.50The first step is procedure for analyzing, meanings which appear to be closely related are selected tentatively. The meaning of father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, and cousin, for instance, all share the components of being applicable to human beings and related to either blood or marriage.51

The second step is listing all the specific kinds of referents for each of the meaning belonging to the domain in question. For example, father and mother, as related to any one ego, there would presumably be only one referent. This second step in procedure should, however, be regarded as ending at that point when one has listed the various objects, events, abstracts, etc. which may be designated by a particular semantic unit.52

Third, determining those components which may be true of meaning of one or more terms, but not of all the terms in question. For example, the component of female sex is only true for mother, aunt, daughter, sister, and niece, while the component of male sex is true for father, uncle, son, brother and nephew.53

The fourth step is determining the diagnostic component applicable to each meaning. The meaning of father, for example, may be indicated as possessing the component: male sex, one ascending generation, and direct

50

Eugene A. Nida.Componential Analysis of Meaning.(London: University Press, 1979), p.54.

51

Ibid.p.54-55. 52

Ibid. p.55. 53

24

descent while mother possesses the component: female sex, one ascending descent, and direct descent.54

The fifth step is cross-checking with the data obtained by the first procedure. If the naming process is completely predictive, one may assume that the diagnostic components are correct, for it is the nature of meaning to be able to predict certain aspects of language behavior, in this instance, naming.55

Last, a systematic description of the diagnostic features. It may do simply by listing the diagnostic features for each meaning (or term) or the arrangement of such data in the form of a tree (or space) diagram or matrix.56

7. Context

Context according to Oxford Dictionary is situation in which an event happens.57 Context, quoted by Mey according to Bilmes, is the total

social setting in which the speech takes place: “the meaning of an

utterance is determined in large part by how it responds and how it is responded to, by its place in an interactional sequence.58Mey, then defines

context is a dynamic concept that can be understood as the continually

54

Eugene A. Nida.Componential Analysis of Meaning.(London: University Press, 1979), p.56.

55

Ibid.p.56. 56

Ibid. p.56. 57

Oxford University. Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), p.93.

58

Jacob L. Mey.Pragmatic: An Introduction. (2nd Edition, United States: Athenaeum Press, 2001), p.30.

changing surroundings.59Hence context is the meaning of utterance where the situation which is changing gradually based on the speech takes place.

Hyems argued that situation in which the utterance takes place influences the interpretation of objective and effect of the utterance. He

abbreviates the word SPEAKING to distinguish sixteen component of

“speech event.”60

First, S stands for Setting, it involves time, place and other physical condition the utterance take place. For example, the conversation takes place in the classroom. Then, Scene involves the psychological counterpart to setting or a changing of setting of the utterance. A changing of formal to informal conversation held by the participant, for example. P

stands for Participants, it involves people who participate in the conversation, it can be the speaker or sender. For instance, the participant can be a student and a teacher.61

Next, E stands for Ends, it involves the purpose and outcome of one utterance. For example, the conversation purpose is giving advice to

the student, and outcome the student obey the teacher’s advice. A stands for Act Sequence, it refers to the form and content of the message in the utterance which uttered. The content of the conversation, for example, is giving advice to the students to finish the paper. K stands for Keys, it

59

Jacob L. Mey. Pragmatic: An Introduction. (2nd Edition, United States: Athenaeum Press, 2001) p.39.

60

J. Renkema. Discourse Studies: An Introductory Textbook. (Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1993), p.43.

61

26

refers to tone used by someone in the conversation. For instance, the teacher uses serious tone with the students.62

Istands forInstrumentalities. It refers to instrument which is used in the conversation, it can be the channel: written, telegraph or spoken: dialect or standard language. For example, the students use standard language to the teacher. N stands for Norms, it refers to norms and rules of interaction such as interruption and norms of interpretation in the conversation. For example, the student applies the interruption norm when talks to the teacher. G stands for Genres, it refers to types of the conversation. For example, the teacher gives lecture to the students.63

62

J. Renkema. Discourse Studies: An Introductory Textbook. (Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 1993). p.44.

63

27

A. Data Description

In this chapter, the writer analyzes the data by looking at the word formation process, especially blend words of foodimals from the movie

Cloudy with a Chance of Meatball 2 and analyzes their meaning with componential analysis. The following table shows the blend words of foodimals in the film:

Table 4. Blend words of foodimals in the film.

No Utterances Blend Words

Datum 1 Sam Spark: “Look at the mangoes.”

Flint Lockwood: “You mean flamingos.” Sam Spark: “Flamangoes.” (Time 33:13)

Flamango

Datum 2 Brent: “There’s a bunch of shrimp.”

Manny: “They look like chimpanzees.” Brent and Manny: “Shrimpanzees.”

(Time 33:17)

Shrimpanze

Datum 3 Flint Lockwood and friends:

“Watermelophants.” (Time 33:53)

Watermelophant

Datum 4 Brent: “Susheeps.” (Time 34:23) Susheep

Datum 5 Manny: “Cantalope.” (Time 34:25) Cantalope

Datum 6 Flint Lockwood: “Cheespider!”

Flint Lockwood and friends: “_Run.”

(Time 35:46)

Cheespider

Datum 7 Flint Lockwood: “Bananostrich.”

Earl: “Go, go, go! Come on, Brent!”

(Time 41:30)

Bananostrich

Datum 8 Manny: “Tacodile_{! Supreme.” (Time}

53:19)

Tacodile

Datum 9 Brent: “DarnMosquitoasts!”

Chester V: “Don’t worry, man baby.

They, like all the other abominable food

monsters will soon be no more.”(Time

54:57)

Mosquitoast

Datum 10 Flint Lockwood’s father: “Meatballrus!

Go, go, go!” (Time 1:11:17)

28

B. Data analysis

In data analysis, the writer uses three steps to analysis the data. Firstly, the writer analyzes the process of forming the blend words of foodimals based

on Ingo Plag’s theory. Second, the writer analyzes the component meaning

using oxford dictionary and context based on Eugene A. Nida theory with naming technique. In this research, for analyzing the component meanings, the writer applies the procedural steps 2 and 5. Furthermore, the writer describes the context and concludes the meaning of the blend words that is appropriate to the story line of film. The analyses are described as following.

1. Flamango

The word flamango is a blend word built up of two morphemes. The

first morpheme is flamingo and mango. Both morphemes, flamingo and

mango, are free morpheme that can stand alone to be a single word. It can be drawn on the formula below.

Flamango→ flamingo + mango

free free

The word flamango is built by two elements, flamingo and mango where mango appears in full form while flamingo is truncated and left the first element. Then, the first element of morpheme flamingo is combined with the morpheme mango into a new word. The element mango is the head of the blend where flamingo modifies mango. Based on the characteristics of the blend word, the word flamango is classified into first type of blend and the right-headed blend where the head is the right element of the blend.

Table 5. Process of blend word of Flamango

Base Word formation Process of blend

Flamingoand Mango Flamango Flamingo + Mango

Next, the analysis of meaning component of the base words is on the table 6 and blend words is on the table 7 using naming technique.

Table 6. Meaning components of base words of Flamingo and Mango

Base Words

Meaning Component as Consulted to Oxford Dictionary

Naming Process

Flamingo Tall Flamingo/flə ˈmɪŋ.goʊ/

Atallwadingbird with mainly pink

and scarlet plumage, long legs and

neck, and acrooked bill. Bird Plumage Long-legged Long-necked Crooked Bill

Mango Yellowish Mango/ˈmæŋ. goʊ/

A fleshy yellowish-red tropical

fruit which is eaten ripe or used green for pickles or chutneys.

Red Fruit

Table 7. Meaning components of blend words of Flamango

Blend Word

Meaning Component Based onContext of

the Film

Naming Process

Flamango Yellow Flint Lockwood, Sam Spark and

their friends board a car as the ship along the river to catch Berry, a strawberry which is eaten Flint

Lockwood’s USB. When boarding,

Red Green

30

Skin they find the creature created by

FLDSMDFR (Flint Lockwood

Diatonic Super Mutating Dynamic Food Replicator) is the group of mangoes with a yellow, red, and

green skin that look like the

flamingo that is with the mango’s

body and head, longlegs, neck, bill

andwings ofleave huntingfor their food on the river bank.

Long-legged Long-necked Bill Wing Leave Hunting

Table 8. Checking list of meaning components of Flamingo, Mango and Flamango

No Meaning

Component

Flamingo Mango Flamango

1. Tall + - +

2. Bird + -

-3. Plumage + -

-4. Long-legged + - +

5. Long-necked + - +

6. Crooked + -

-7. Bill + - +

8. Yellowish - + +

9. Red - + +

10. Fruit - + +

11. Green - - +

12. Skin - - +

13. Wing - - +

14. Leave - - +

15 Hunting - - +

After getting the meaning components of base words and blend, the writer concludes the meaning of blend word related to the context of the film.

The situation is described when Flint Lockwood, Sam Spark and their friends board a car as the ship along the river to catch Berry, a strawberry

created by FLDSMDFR (Flint Lockwood Diatonic Super Mutating Dynamic Food Replicator) is the group of mangoes with a yellow, red, and green skin that look like the flamingo that is tall bird with the mango’s body and head,

long legs, neck, bill and wings of leave hunting for their food on the river bank. The participants of the utterance are Sam Spark and Flint Lockwood.

Sam Spark: “Look at the mangoes.” Flint Lockwood: “You mean flamingos.” Sam Spark: “Flamangoes.”

The creature described in the film is a kind of fruit, mango, with a yellow, red and green skin. Yet, it has the characteristics of flamingo in which its body and head made by mangoes, long legs and neck, bill, belongs to class of bird, wings of leave, gets on together on the river bank and hunts the food. In the film, the creature made by the broken food machine, FLDSMDFR, is a mango that mutates to be a living food and has the characteristics of flamingo. The creature is called flamango by Sam Spark. Hence, from the description of the situation, flamangois a kind of mango that has a flamingo like-form.

2. Shrimpanzee

The word shrimpanzee is a blend word built up of two morphemes.

The first morpheme isshrimpandchimpanzee. Both morphemes, shrimp and

chimpanzee, are free morpheme that can stand alone to be a single word. It can be drawn on the formula below.

Shrimpanzee→ shrimp + chimpanzee

32

The word shrimpanzee is built by two elements, shrimp and

chimpanzee where shrimp appears in full form while chimpanzee is truncated and left the last element. Then, the first morpheme shrimp is combined with the last element of morpheme chimpanzee into a new word. The element shrimp is the head of the blend where chimpanzee modifies shrimp. Based on the characteristics of the blend word, the word shrimpanzeeis classified into the first type of blend and the left-headed blend where the head is the left element of the blend.

Table 9. Process of blend word of Shrimpanzee

Base Word formation Process of blend

Shrimp and

Chimpanzee

Shrimpanzee Shrimp + chimpanzee

Next, the analysis of meaning component of the base words is on the table 10 and blend word is on the table 11 using naming technique.

Table 10. Meaning components of base words of Shrimp and Chimpanzee

Base Words

Meaning Component as Consulted to Oxford Dictionary

Naming Process

Shrimp Edible Shrimp/ʃrɪmp/

A small free-swimming, typically

marine edible crustaceanwithten

legs. Crustacean

Ten-legged

Chimpanzee Anthropoid Chimpanzee/ˌtʃɪm.pænˈziː/

An anthropoid ape with large ears, mainly black coloration, and lighter skin on the face and native to west and central Africa.

Ape Large-eared

Table 11. Meaning components of blend word of Shrimpanzee

Blend Word

Meaning Component Based onContext of

the Film

Naming Process

Shrimpanzee Dish Flint Lockwood and his friend

board a car as a ship along the river. After finding the group of flamangos, they find another strange creatures. On the top of the ship, they find the dish shrimps with red body, being attractive,

swinging from one rope to the

others, and combining three

shrimps which are two of them as its arms with the fingers and the

last as its body create a

chimpanzee with anapebody.

Red Attractive

Swinging

Ape

Table 12. Checking list of meaning components of Shrimp, Chimpanzee and Shrimpanzee

No Meaning Component Shrimp Chimpanzee Shrimpanzee

1. Edible + -

-2. Crustacean + - +

3. Ten-legged + -

-4. Anthropoid - +

-5. Ape - + +

6. Large-eared - +

-7. Dish + - +

8. Red - - +

9. Attractive - - +

10. Swinging - - +

After getting the meaning components of base words and blend, the writer concludes the meaning of blend word related to the context of the film.

The situation is described whenFlint Lockwood and his friend board a car as the ship along the river. After finding the group of flamangos, they find another strange creatures. On the top of the ship, they find the dish of shrimps with red body, being attractive, swinging from one rope to the others, and

34

combining three shrimps which are two of them as its arms with the fingers and the last as its body create a chimpanzee with an ape body. The participants of the utterance are Manny and Brent.

Brent: “There’s a bunch of shrimp.” Manny: “They look like chimpanzees.” Brent and Manny: “Shrimpanzees.”

The creature described in the film is a shrimp, a kind of dish, that has red body yet it is has an ape body that created by three of shrimps in which two of them as its arms and the last as its body, attractive, can move and swing from one rope to another.In the film, the creature is found by Brent and he calls it shrimp then Manny finds that it looks and has characteristics of chimpanzee. On the story, the creature made by the broken food machine, FLDSMDFR, is a shrimp, a kind of edible crustacean that mutates to be a living food and has the characteristics of chimpanzee. The creature described is called shrimpanzee. Hence, based on the description of the situation,

shrimpanzeeis a kind of shrimp that has a chimpanzee like-form.

3. Watermelophant

The word watermelophant is a blend word built up of two

morphemes,watermelon and elephant. Both morphemes are free morpheme

that can stand alone to be a single word. It can be drawn on the formula below.

Watermelophant→ watermelon + elephant

free free

The word watermelophant is built by two morphemes, watermelon

truncated and left the last element. Then, the first element of morpheme

watermelon is combined with the last element of morpheme elephant into a new word. The element watermelon is the head of the blend where elephant modifies watermelon. Based on the characteristics of the blend word, the word

watermelophant is classified into the firsr type of blend and the left-headed blend where the head is the left element of the blend.

Table 13. Process of blend word of Watermelophant

Base Word formation Process of blend

Watermelon and Elephant

Watermelophant Watermelon+ Elephant

Next, the analysis of meaning component of the base words ison the table 14 and blend word is on the table 15 using naming technique.

Table 14. Meaning components of base words of Watermelon and Elephant

Base Words

Meaning Component as Consulted to Oxford Dictionary

Naming Process

Watermelon Fruit Watermelon/ˈwɑː.t ̬ɚˌmel.ə n/

The large melon-like fruit of an African plant, with smooth green skin,red pulp, andwateryjuice. Green-skinned

Red-pulped Watery

Elephant Mammal Elephant/ˈel.ɪ.fə nt/

A very large plant-eatingmammal

with a prehensile trunk, long

curved ivory tusks, and large ears.

Trunk Long-tusked Curved-tusked

36

Table 15. Meaning components of blend word of Watermelophant

Blend Word Meaning

Component Based on Context of the

Film

Naming Process

Watermelophant Green-skinned Flint Lockwood and his friend

board a car as the ship along the river and they down to the waterfall. They find another strange creature of a group of

watermelons with green skin,

round shape, red pulp, large

ears, a tail of root and leave and a trunk of root that look

like the elephant sub merging

on the river. Round Red-pulped Ear Tail Trunk Submerging

Table 16. Checking list of meaning components of Watermelon, Elephant and Watermelophant

No Meaning

Component

Watermelon Elephant Watermelophant

1. Fruit + -

-2. Green-skinned + - +

3. Red-pulped + - +

4. Watery + -

-5. Mammal - +

-8. Trunk - + +

9. Long-tusked - +

-10. Curved-tusked - +

-11. Large-eared - + +

12. Round - - +

13. Tail - - +

14. Submerging - - +

After getting the meaning components of base words and blend, the writer concludes the meaning of blend word related to the context of the film.

The situation is described when Flint Lockwood and his friend board a car as the ship along the river and they down to the waterfall. They find

another strange creature of a group of watermelons with green skin, round shape, red pulp, large ears of leave and a tail of root and leave and a trunk of root that looks like the elephant submerging on the river. The participants of the utterance are Flint Lockwood and his friends.

Flint Lockwood and friends: “Watermelophants.”

The creature described in the film is a watermelon that has the green skin, round shape and red pulp, yet it has the large ears of leave, a tail of root and leave and a trunk of root. It is also described has a habitual by submerging on the water and using its trunk to lift Berry. In the film, the creature also made by the broken food machine, FLDSMDFR, is a watermelon that mutates to be a living food and has the characteristics of elephant. The creature described is called watermelophant. Hence, from the explanation of the situation, watermelophant is a kind of watermelon that has an elephant like-form.

4. Susheep

The word susheep is a blend word built up of two morphemes. The

first morpheme is sushi and sheep. Both morphemes are free morpheme that

can stand alone to be a single word. It can be drawn on the formula below.

Susheep→ sushi + sheep

Free free

The word susheep is built by two elements, sushi and sheep where sushi is truncated and left the first element while sheep appears in full form.

38

sheepinto a new word. The element sushi is the head of the blend where sheep modifies sushi. Based on the characteristics of the blend word, the word

susheep is classified into the first type of blend the left-headed blend where the head is the left element of the blend.

Table 17. Process of blend word of Susheep

Base Word formation Process of blend

Sushi and sheep Susheep Sushi + sheep

Next, the analysis of meaning component of the base words is on the table 18 and blend word is on the table 19 using naming technique.

Table 18. Meaning components of base words of Sushi and Sheep

Base Words

Meaning Component Consulted to Oxford

Dictionary

Naming Process

Sushi Dish Sushi/ˈsuː.ʃi/

A Japanese dish consisting of

small balls or rolls of vinegar-flavored cold rice served with a garnish of vegetables, egg, orraw seafood.

Ball Rice Vegetable

Egg Raw Seafood

Sheep Ruminant Sheep/ʃiːp/

A domesticated ruminant

mammalwith athick woolly coat, kept in flocks for itswoolor meat. Mammal

Thick Wool

Table 19. Meaning components of blend word of Susheep

Blend Word

Meaning Component Based on Context of

the Film

Naming Process

Susheep Ball After down to the waterfall and get

Barry, they find a strange creature of a group of sushi with balls of

rice looking like a wool, a garnish of egg on the top of the balls of rice, seafood as its head athwart to the tail and vegetables that looks like the sheep moving and eating

the grass on the meadow near to the river bank.

Rice Wool Egg Seafood Tail Vegetable Eating

Table 20. Checking list of meaning components of Sushi, Sheep and Susheep

No Meaning Component Sushi Sheep Susheep

1. Dish + - +

2. Ball + - +

3. Rice + - +

4. Vegetable + - +

5. Egg + - +

6. Raw + -

-7. Seafood + - +

8. Ruminant - + +

9. Mammal - +

-10. Thick - +

-11. Wool - + +

12. Eating - - +

13. Tail - - +

After getting the meaning components of base words and blend, the writer concludes the meaning of blend word related to the context of the film.

The situation is described when after down to the waterfall and get Barry, they find a strange creature of a group of sushi with balls of rice

40

looking like a wool, a garnish of egg on the top of the balls of rice, seafood as its head athwart to the tail and vegetables that looks like the sheep moving and eating the grass on the meadow near to the river bank. The participant of the utterance is Brent.

Brent: “Susheeps.”

The creature described in the film is a sushi that has balls of rice, vegetables on the ball of rice and a garnish of egg on the top of the balls of rice, yet it has legs and white body like a wool from the balls of rice, seafood as its head athwart to the tail and eating a grass for their food instead of being eaten. In the film, the creature also made by the broken food machine, FLDSMDFR, is a sushi that mutates to be a living food and has the characteristics of sheep. The creature is called susheep in the film. From the description of situation on the film, it can be concluded susheep is a kind of sushi that has a sheep like-form and habitual.

5. Cantalope

The word cantalope is a blend word built up of two morphemes. The

first morpheme is cantaloupe and antelope. Both morphemes are free

morpheme that can stand alone to be a single word. It can be drawn on the formula below.

Cantalope→ Cantaloupe + Antelope

free free

The wordcantelopeis built by two elements, cantaloupe and antelope where cantaloupe is truncated and left the first element while antelopeappears

in full form. Then, the first element of morpheme cantaloupe is combined with the morphemeantelope into a new word. The element cantaloupe is the head of the blend where antelope modifies cantaloupe. Based on the characteristics of the blend word, the word cantelopeis classified into the first type of blend and the left-headed blend where the head is the left element of the blend.

Table 21. Process of blend word of Cantelope

Base Word formation Process of blend

Cantaloupe and Antelope

Cantelope Cantaloupe+ Antelope

Next, the analysis of meaning component of the base words is on the table 22 and blend word is on the table 23 using naming technique.

Table 22. Meaning components of base words of Cantaloupe and Antelope

Base Words

Meaning Component Consulted to Oxford

Dictionary

Naming Process

Cantaloupe Rounded-melon Cantaloupe/ˈkæn.t ̬ə .loʊp/

A small round melon of a variety withorange fleshandribbedskin. Orange-fleshed

Ribbed

Antelope Swift Antelope/ˈæn.t ̬ə l.oʊp/

A swift-running deer-like

ruminant animal with upward

-pointing horns, of a group

including the gazelles, impala, gnu, and eland.

Running Deer Ruminant Upwarded-horn

42

Table 23. Meaning components of blend word of Cantelope

Blend Word

Meaning Component Consulted to Context

of the Film

Naming Process

Cantelope Round After finding a susheep, form the

river Flint Lockwood and friends

look a strange creature of

cantaloupe with a round body,

orange flesh, and ribbedskin that has upward horns of a sliced orange flesh cantaloupe on the top, four short legs, an orange flesh cantaloupe as the face, eyes and teeth looking like an antelope

runningquickly andjumpingwith its group on the meadow near to the river bank.

Orange-fleshed Ribbed Upwarded-horn Short-legged Running Jumping

Table 24. Checking list of meaning components of Cantaloupe, Antelope and Cantelope

No Meaning Component Cantaloupe Antelope Cantelope

1. Round + - +

2. Rounded-melon + - +

3. Orange-fleshed + - +

4. Ribbed + - +

5. Swift - + +

6. Running - + +

7. Deer - +

-8. Ruminant - +

-9. Upwarded-horn - + +

10. Short-legged - - +

11. Jumping - - +

After getting the meaning components of base words and blend, the writer concludes the meaning of blend word related to the context of the film.

The situation is described whenFlint Lockwood and friends look a strange creature of cantaloupe from the river with a round body, orange flesh, and ribbed skin that has upward horns of a sliced orange flesh cantaloupe on

the top, four short legs, an orange flesh cantaloupe as the face, eyes and teeth looking like an antelope running quickly and jumping with its group on the meadow near to the river bank. The participant of the utterance is Manny.

Manny: “Cantelope!”

The creaturedescribed in the film is a cantaloupe that has a round body, orange flesh, ribbed skin yet it has upward horns of a slice orange flesh cantaloupe on the top, four short legs, a face of orange flesh cantaloupe with eyes and teeth, and moves by running quickly and jumping. Two upward horns and the swiftness running are the special characteristics of antelope. In the film, the creature also made by the broken food machine, FLDSMDFR, is a cantaloupe that mutates to be a living food and has the characteristics of antelope. The creature is calledcantelope. From the delineation of situation on the film, it can be concluded cantelope is a kind of cantaloupe that has anantelopelike-form.

6. Cheespider

The wordcheespideris a blend word built up of two morphemes. The

first morpheme is cheeseburger and spider. Both morphemes are free

morpheme that can stand alone to be a single word. It can be drawn on the formula below.

Cheespider→ Cheeseburger + Spider

free free

The word cheespider is built by two elements, cheeseburger and spider where cheeseburger is truncated and left the first element while spider

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appears in full form. Then, the first element of morpheme cheeseburger is

combined with the morpheme of spider into a new word. The element

cheeseburger is the head of the blend where spider modifies cheeseburger. Based on the characteristics of the blend word, the word cheespider is classified into the first type of blend and the left-headed blend where the head is the left element of the blend.

Table 25. Process of blend word of Cheespider

Base Word formation Process of blend

Cheeseburger and Spider

Cheespider Cheeseburger + Spider

Next, the analysis of meaning component of the base words is on the table 26 and blend word is on the table 27 using naming technique.

Table 26. Meaning components of base words of Cheeseburger and Spider

Base Words Meaning Component as Consulted to Oxford Dictionary

Naming Process

Cheeseburger Beefburger Cheeseburger/ˈtʃiːzˌbɝː.gɚ/

A beef burger with a slice of

cheese on it, served in a bread

roll. Cheese

Bread

Spider Eight-legged Spider/ˈspaɪ.dɚ/

An eight-legged predatory

arachnid with an

unsegemented body consisting

of a fused head and thorax and

a rounded abdomen, most kind

of which spin webs in which to

capture insects. Predatory Arachnid Unsegemented Thorax Abdomen Web

Table 27. Meaning components osf blend word of Cheespider

Blend Word

Meaning Component Based on Context of

the Film

Naming Process

Cheespider Spinning Flint Lockwood and his friends

go along the river but Brent intuitively touches a cable that connects to the web of spinning

cheese and wakes the monster up. After pulling a car as the ship over, they suddenly attackedby the predatory monster of

cheeseburger with a slice of

cheese, beef and roll of breads

that has legs of French fries,

sesamesas itseyes, produces and spins a web from the cheese like a spider. Then, Flint Lockwood and friends run away to the forest. Attack Predatory Cheeseburger Cheese Beef Bread Leg French fries Sesame-eyed Web

Table 28. Checking list of meaning components of Cheeseburger, Spider and Cheespider

No Meaning Component Cheeseburger Spider Cheespider

1. Beefburger + - +

2. Cheese + - +

3. Bread + - +

4. Eight-legged - +

-5. Predatory - + +

6. Arachnid - +

-7. Unsegemented - +

-8. Thorax - +

-9. Abdomen - +

-10. Web - + +

11. Spinning - - +

12. Attack - - +

12. French fries - - +

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After getting the meaning components of base words and blend, the writer concludes the meaning of blend word related to the context of the film.

The situation is described whenFlint Lockwood and his friends go along the river but Brent intuitively touches a cable that connects to the web of spinning cheese and wakes the monster up. After pulling a car as the ship over, they suddenly attacked by the predatory monster of cheeseburger with a slice of cheese, beef and roll of breads that has legs of French fries, sesames as its eyes, produces and spins a web from the cheese like a spider. Then, Flint Lockwood and friends run away to the forest. The participants of the utterance are Flint Lockwood and his friends.

Flint Lockwood: “Cheespider!”

Flint Lockwood and friends:“_Run.”

The monster described in the film is a cheeseburger that has a slice of cheese, beef and two roll of breads yet it has legs of French fries, sesames as its eyes, producing and spinning a web with its cheese. It is described as a predator that attacks Flint Lockwood and his friends, Chester V and his employees with the cheesy thread to capture them. In the film, the creature also made by the broken food machine, FLDSMDFR, is a cheeseburger that mutates to be a living food and has the characteristics of spider. The monster is called cheespider. From the delineation of situation on the film, it can be concludedcheespideris a kind of cheeseburger that has a spider like-form.

7. Bananostrich

The word bananostrich is a blend word built up of two morphemes. The first morpheme is banana and ostrich. Both morphemes, banana and ostrich, are free morpheme that can stand alone to be a single word. It can be drawn on the formula below.

Bananostrich→ banana + ostrich

Free free

The word bananostrich is built by two elements, banana and ostrich where banana is truncated and left the first element while ostrich appears in

full form. Then, the first element of morpheme banana is combined with the

morpheme of ostrich into a new word. The element banana is the head of the

blend where ostrich modifies banana. Based on the characteristics of the blend word, the word babanostrich is classified into the first type of blend and the left-headed blend where the head is the left element of the blend.

Table 29. Process of blend word of Bananostrich

Base Word formation Process of blend

Banana and Ostrich Bananostrich Banana + Ostrich

Next, the analysis of meaning component of the base words on the table 30 and blend word on the table 31 using naming technique.

Table 30. Meaning components of base words of Banana and Ostrich

Base Words

Meaning Component as Consulted to Oxford Dictionary

Naming Process

Banana Curved Banana/bə ˈnæn.ə /

A long curved which grows in

clusters and has soft pulpy flesh andyellow skinwith ripe.

Cluster Yellow-skinned

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Ostrich Swift Ostrich/ˈɑː.strɪtʃ/

A large flightless swift-running

African bird with a long neck,

long legs, and two toes on each foot. Running Bird Long-necked Long-legged Toe

Table 31. Meaning components of blend word of Bananostrich

Blend Word Meaning Component Based on the Context of the Film

Naming Process

Bananostrich Curved Flint Lockwood, Chester V and his

friends walk down to Flint

Lockwood’s lab for

communicating with his

FLDSMDFR machine.

Nevertheless, on their way, they are horrified by the creature of a

group of bananas with long

curved body, yellow skin and

brown spots that looks like the

ostrich with long neck and legs

runningpast them. Yellow-skinned

Brown-spotted Long-necked

Long-legged Running

Table 32. Checking list of meaning components of Banana, Ostrich and Bananostrich

No Meaning Component Banana Ostrich Bananostrich

1. Curved + - +

2. Cluster + -

-3. Yellow-skinned + - +

4. Swift - +

-5. Running - + +

6. Bird - +

-7. Long-necked - +

-8. Long-legged - + +

9. Toe - +

-10. Brown-spotted - - +

After getting the meaning components of base words and blend, the writer concludes the meaning of blend word related to the context of the film.

The situation is described when Flint Lockwood, Chester V and his

friends walk down to Flint Lockwood’s lab for communicating with his FLDSMDFR machine. Nevertheless, on their way, they are horrified by the creature of a group of bananas with long curved body, yellow skin and brown spots that looks like the ostrich with long neck and legs running past them. The participants of the utterance are Flint Lockwood and Earl.

Flint Lockwood: “Bananostrich.” Earl: “Go, go, go! Come on, Brent!”

The creature in the film described is a banana that has a long curved body, yellow skin and brown spots, yet it also has a long neck and legs. It is described as a running bird that quickly runs with the other bananas and Flint Lockwood and friends. In the film, the creature also made by the broken food machine, FLDSMDFR, is a banana that mutates to be a living food and has the characteristics of ostrich. The creature is called as bananostrich. From the explanation of situation on the film, bananostrich is kind of banana that has ostrich like-form and characteristics.

8. Tacodile

The word tacodile is a blend word built up of two morphemes. The first morpheme is taco and crocodile. Both morphemes, taco and crocodile, are free morpheme that can stand alone to be a single word. It can be drawn on the formula below.

Tacodile→ taco + crocodile

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The word tacodile is built by two elements, taco and crocodile where taco appears in full form while crocodile is truncated and left the last element.

Then, the morpheme taco is combined with the last element of morpheme of

crocodile into a new word. The element taco is the head of the blend where crocodile modifies taco. Based on the characteristics of the blend word, the wordtacodileis classified into the first type of blend and the left-headed blend where the head is the left element of the blend.

Table 33. Process of blend word of Tacodile

Base Word formation Process of blend

Taco and Crocodile Tacodile Taco + crocodile

Next, the analysis of meaning component of the base words is on the table 34 and blend word is on the table 35 using naming technique.

Table 34. Meaning components of base words of Taco and Crocodile

Base Words

Meaning Component as Consulted to Oxford Dictionary

Naming Process

Taco Dish Taco/ˈtɑː.koʊ/

A Mexican dish consisting of a

folded tortilla filled with spicy

meatorbeans. Tortilla

Meat Bean

Crocodile Predatory Crocodile/ˈkrɑː.kə .daɪl/

A large predatory semiaquatic

reptile with long jaws, long tail,

short legs, and a horny textured

skin. Semiaquatic

Reptile Jaw Tail Short-legged Horny-skinned

Table 35. Meaning components of blend word of Tacodile

Blend Word

Meaning Component Based on the Context

of the Film

Naming Process

Tacodile Predator Flint Lockwood, spark and their

friends look for the FLDSMDFR machine location. Yet, they are attacked by a dish of tacopredator

with a folded tortilla which is

filled of meat, beans, and

vegetables as its head and body looking like a crocodile with long

jaws of leek, tail of chili, short

legs, andcrawlingin the meadow. Folded-tortilla Meat Bean Vegetable Jaw Leek Tail Chili Short-legged Crawling

Table 36. Checking list of meaning components of Taco, Crocodile and Tacodile

No Meaning Component Taco Crocodile Tacodile

1. Dish + - +

2. Folded-tortilla + - +

3. Meat + - +

4. Bean + - +

5. Predatory - + +

6. Semiaquatic - +

-7. Reptile - +

-8. Jaw - + +

9. Tail - + +

10. Short-legged - + +

11. Horny-skinned - +

-12. Vegetable - - +

13. Leek - - +

14. Chili - - +

15. Crawling - - +

After getting the meaning components of base words and blend, the writer concludes the meaning of blend word related to the context of the film.

The situation is described whenFlint Lockwood, spark and their friends look for the FLDSMDFR machine location. Yet, they are attacked by a

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dish of taco predator with a folded tortilla which is filled of meat, beans, and vegetables as its head and body looking like a crocodile with long jaws of leek, tail of chili, short legs, and crawling in the meadow. The participant of the utterance is Manny.

Manny:“Tacodile_{! Supreme.”}

The creature described in the film is a taco that has a folded of tortilla filled with meat, beans, and vegetables yet it has sharp jaws of leek, long tail of chili, short legs and walking in crawl. It is also described as a predator that attacks Flint Lockwood and his friends, Chester V and his employees with its sharp jaws. In the film, the creature also made by the broken food machine, FLDSMDFR, is a taco that mutates to be a living food and has the characteristics of crocodile. The creature is called tacodile. Hence, tacodileis a kind of taco that has a crocodile like-form.

9. Mosquitoast

The word mosquitoast is a blend word built up of two morphemes.

The first morpheme is mosquito and toast. Both morphemes are free

morpheme that can stand alone to be a single word. It can be drawn on the formula below.

Mosquitoast→ mosquito + toast

Free free

The word mosquitost is built by two elements, mosquito and toast where mosquito appears in full form while toast is truncated and left the last

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Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 picks up where Sony Pictures Animation's 2009 hit comedy left off. Inventor Flint Lockwood's genius is finally being recognized as he's invited by his idol Chester V to join The Live Corp Company, where the best and brightest inventors in the world create technologies for the betterment of mankind. Chester's righthandgal -and one of his greatest inventions - is Barb, a highly evolved orangutan with a human brain. It's always been Flint's dream to be recognized as a great inventor, but everything changes when he discovers that his most infamous machine (which turns water into food) is still operating and is now creating food-animal hybrids - "foodimals!" With the fate of humanity in his hands, Chester sends Flint and his friends on a dangerouslydelicious mission - to battle hungry tacodiles, shrimpanzees, hippotatomuses, cheespiders and other food creatures to save the world again!64

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Columbia Pictures.Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2: Plot Summary, accessed on 18 November 2014 fromhttp://www.imdb.com/title/tt1985966/plotsummary.

B.Data of Blend Words of Foodimals

Datum 1 (Flamingo)

Datum 2 (Shrimpanzee)

Datum 4 (Susheep)

Datum 5 (Cantelope)

Datum 8 (Tacodile)