of protection and coherence with social and employment policies as established by ILO instruments and other UN
Conventions.
5. References
Gragnolati, M.; Lindelow, M.; Couttolenc, B. 2013. T e t ea s
of health system reform in Brazil: An assessment of the Sistema U i o de “aude , i Di e tio s i de elop e t: Hu a
development Washington, DC, World Bank. ILO. 2011. General survey concerning social security instruments
in light of the 2008 Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization, Report III Part 1B, Social Security and the Rule of
Law. —. 2012. Social Security and Food Security: Successful Policy
Experiences
in Brazil,
ESS Paper
No. 30,
http:www.ilo.orgwcmsp5groupspublic---ed_protect--- soc_secdocumentspublicationwcms_207666.pdf.
—. 2014. World Social Protection Report 20142015 Geneva. Available
at: http:www.ilo.orgglobalresearchglobal-
reportsworld-social-security-report2014lang--enindex.htm. —; WHO. 2010. Social Protection Floor Initiative: Brazil in search
of universal
protection. Available
at: http:www.ilo.orgwcmsp5groupspublic---ed_protect---
soc_secdocumentspublicationwcms_secsoc_17509.pdf. ILO FORLAC. 2014. Policies for the formalization of micro and
small
enterprises in
Brazil. Available
at: http:www.ilo.orgwcmsp5groupspublic---americas---ro-
limadocumentspublicationwcms_318209.pdf. ILO Ne s.
. Fo alizi g e plo e t i B azil: A si ple path to formal employment. Available at:
www.ilo.orgglobalabout-the- ilonewsroomfeaturesWCMS_312067lang--enindex.htm.
SSPTW. 2013. Brazil. UNDP. B azil: B oade i g so ial p ote tio a d i teg ati g
so ial poli ies , i Volu e : “u essful “o ial P ote tio Floo Experiences.
Available at:
http:tcdc2.undp.orgGSSDAcademySIEDocsVol18SIE_v18_c h3.pdf.
—. B azil: The ‘u al “o ial I su a e P og a e , i Volu e
18: Successful Social Protection Floor Experiences. Available at: http:tcdc2.undp.orgGSSDAcademySIEDocsVol18SIE_v18_c
h4.pdf. UNDP International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth. 2015.
Social protection systems in Latin America and the Caribbean: Brazil, One pager No. 273. Available at: www.ipc-
undp.orgpubeng OP273_Social_Protection_Systems_in_Latin_America_and_the_
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Caribbean ECLAC. 2013. Social protection systems in Latin America
and the
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Available at:
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6 .
China: Community services
10
In recent decades, China has rapidly extended social protection to a large number of people through various mechanisms,
including social protection community services SPCS. SPCS include two types of services:
Access to social protection and active labour market policies ALMPs, including scheme registration and
benefit payments: Services are made available within residential communities, thereby simplifying and
expediting access to social protection.
Social and home-based services, such as health care and domestic assistance: Services help older persons,
people with disabilities and children to live independently, in safety and in dignity.
A growing number of residential communities provide SPCS as an essential component of their community services CS. In
2014, a total of 311,000 community organizations provided a wide range of services, including SPCS, to residents in 45 per
cent of urban communities MOCA, 2014, 2015. In addition, some rural villages also provide these services.
1. Main lessons learned
Making social protection administrative services accessible within communities can improve coverage,
especially for people who are self-employed,
10
This chapter was authored by Aidi Hu of the ILO and reviewed by Isabel Ortiz, Valérie Schmitt and Loveleen De of the ILO. It was first
published in May 2016.
unemployed, outside the workforce or have no formal work contract.
In China where the services sector is not fully developed and many households cannot afford expensive private
services, social protection provides not just income security, but also services like medical care and domestic
assistance to older persons, people with disabilities and vulnerable groups.
SPCS facilitate employment generation by providing training and generating public and private services in the
care economy. SPCS are public services, serving the lowest
administrative units i.e. communities. They are supervised by the government and enforced through
partnerships between the public and private sectors and civil society, with non-governmental organizations
NGOs playing an ever increasing role.
The e pa sio of “PC“ is fa ilitated Chi a s Fi e-Year Plan 2016-20, which emphasizes increasing household
income and consumption, universal social protection and development of the services sector.
2. What do SPCS consist of?
SPCS were initially introduced in a few Chinese regions in the late 1980s. Given their effectiveness and efficiency in responding
to the emerging needs of residents, SPCS became a national policy supervised by the Ministry of Civil Affairs MOCA in close
cooperation with others. However, no standard package of SPCS is imposed, allowing each community to decide on which
services to provide, in line with its own needs and supply capacities. However, two types of services are generally
included, as shown in Figure 4.
