Pragmatics Classes on 23-28 November 2016 see appendix 2. The test result used for analyzing the mastery of causative that students had is the second test.
b. Questionnaire
Creswell in Sugiyono demonstrates that questionnaires are forms used in a survey design that participant in a study complete and returns to the researcher 2013:
230. The questionnaire in this research would be a closed questionnaire. The instruments would be focusing on: 1 the way the students learned and practiced
Structure and 2 the comprehension of causative material especially
make, have, and get
. The questions would be multiple choice questions that each option had different score.
Based on the experiment done in the first test, the researcher gave 10 questions in the questionnaire which question 1, 2, and 4 are proven not valid
see appendix 8. Later, the researcher will only consider the rest valid questions.
2. Data Analysis
a. Reliability and Validity
The test has to through the process of validity and reliability of instrument in order to be dependable. Reliability measures the instrument in this case is the test to
achieve consistent result Brown, 1987: 220. Consistency in this context means that the result will be the same from the day the test taken with the result taken next week
after, or at least fulfil the same expectation. Reliability in this research would be calculated by using the
split half technique
where the test would be divided into two
√ ∑
2
∑
2
halves Sprinthall e
t al
, 1990: 35. Spearman Brown formula would be used for the reliability test Sugiyono, 2013: 220:
Chart 3.2 Formula for Reliability
�
�
r
1
= __________ + �
�
r
1
= internal reliability of all instruments r
b
= product correlation moment first half and the second In order to achieve
r
b
, then the Pearson product moment formula was needed as follows:
Chart 3.3 Formula for Product Correlation Moment r
b
∑ r
b
=_______________________
∑xy = sum of the x times y scores ∑x
2
= sum of the x squared scores ∑y
2
= sum of the y squared scores r
b
= Person correlation moment
Validity, however, is the degree which the test measures what should be measured Brown, 1987: 221. To get the valid result, the instrument used for
measuring the data has to be valid as well. The high validity of instruments will give less error in the result and prove that the questions used for the test are acceptable.
