the existence of the object or the person who is doing the job. However, the person who is doing the job is not the causer or the subject of the main clause but it is the
causee. Therefore, it is significant in the active causative to mention the object. In the other side, passive causative is used when the speaker does not know or
does not want to mention who is doing the job. Like the passive voice, passive causative also uses past participle in the causing event.
I finally had the lawn mowed. I finally got the lawn mowed.
The passive form of
make
causative will be slightly different from the passive form of
get
and
have
. For example, the sentence
John made Mary bake a cake
will have two possible passive forms:
John made a cake be baked by Mary Mary was made to bake a cake by John.
It is rare and almost never happens in English the form of passive causative in the first sentence of examples. In fact, it is also rare to find
make
causative in the passive form. The acceptable passive form of
make
causative is in the second sentence of examples where
John
is optional to be mentioned. This makes the passive causative form of
make
is similar with the regular passive voice:
Subjcauser + haveget + complement + past participle +
by
objcausee
optional
Objcausee + be + past participle + to infinitive + by Subjcauser
optional
5. Causative in Indonesian
Causative in Indonesian has different characteristics compared to
make, have, get
causatives in English. Indonesian has the suffix and prefix form to create causative word. It is also possible in some words that the causative meaning is
derived from combination of a prefix and a suffix in a word. The first step to add the causative meaning is by adding the prefix {
mem-
} into the word which is an allomorph for {
meN
-}. The other allomorphs that can be found are {meny-}, {men-}, {meng-}, {me-}, and {menge} Moeliono, 1997: 25. Then, the {
mem-
} word can be added by several affix and prefix. The causative forms in Indonesian are devided
into five forms: 1 prefix {
memme
-}; 2 affix { –
kan
}; 3 affix { –
i
}; 4 prefix {
per-
}; 5 combination of prefix {
per-
} and affix { –
kan
}. Affix {
–
kan
} is the common one to be used to imply the meaning of causative. In Indonesian, this affix can be applied into a noun, a verb, and an adverb
Moeliono, 1997: 108. Here are the examples.
Table 2.4 Affix { –
kan
} to Form Causative Meaning in Indonesian Part of
Speech Root
Root + {
-kan
} {
Mem-
} + root + {-
kan
} Meaning
Noun Dewa
god Dewakan
Mendewakan Cause someone to be
praised highly as god Verb
Tidur sleep
Tidurkan Menidurkan
Cause someone to sleep Adverb
Harus must
Haruskan Mengharuskan
Cause something to be an obligation
Affix { –
i
} has a different process compared to affix { –
kan
} because it changes the object condition, rather than just explaining the result Moeliono, 1997:
112. The examples are
menerangkan
and
menerangi
.
Menerangkan
means to cause a problem becomes clearer while
menerangi
means to cause a roomsurface becomes lighter. Most of the roots in this affix group are nouns and adjectives.
Table 2.5 Affix { –
i
} to Form Causative Meaning in Indonesian Part of
Speech Root
Root + {
-i
}
Mem-
+ root + {
-i
} Meaning
Noun Panas
hot Panasi
Memanasi Cause something
someone to be hot Adjective
Kotor dirty
Kotori Mengotori
Cause something to be dirty
Next, affix {
per-
} implies the meaning of
cause the object more to be root than before
Moeliono, 1997: 114
.
It carries meaning that the result might be or might be not happen as expected. However, it will be different if prefix {
mem
-} is combined with prefix {
per-
} because the process is no longer
cause the object more to be
but it will be
cause the object to be
. The examples are mostly adjectives.
Table 2.6 Prefix {
per-
} to Form Causative Meaning in Indonesian Part of
Speech Root
{Per-}
+ root
Meaning
{Mem-} + {per-}
+ root Meaning
Adjective Jelas
clear Perjelas
Cause something to be
more obvious than before, but
the result might not be more
obvious Memperjelas
Cause something to
be obvious in the result
