do with memorizing the image of a word or a specific feature of a word, and with this strategy, only a select few words are learned.
Table 2.2 Rubric Assessment of Reading
The Table 2.2 above indicates that there are 4 criteria in scoring system.
Those criteria have their own sub- categories to be assessed. To sum up, there are many ways in comprehension reading such as using
assessment rubric, rating scale, checklist and etc. Those instruments can be modified with the criteria of assessment based on the rater want and what aspect
wanted to be assessed. The instrument chosen should be able to evaluate and assess the reading correctly, reliably and responsibly.
4. Reading Comprehension Skill
According to Tarigan reading is a process in which done by reader to get message or information from the writer through printed media. It is very complex
process in which recognize and comprehend written symbols are influenced by
Points Description
4
Students understanding of concept if clearly evident Student uses effective strategies to get accurate results
Student uses logical thinking to arrive at conclusion
3
Students understanding of concept is evident Student uses appropriate strategies to arrive at a result
Student shows thinking skills to arrive at conclusion
2
Student have limited understanding of concept Student uses strategies that are ineffective
Student attempts to show thinking skills
1
Student has a complete lack of understanding of concept Student makes no attempt to use a strategy
Student shows no understanding
perceptual skill, decoding, experiences, language background, mind set and reasoning of reader.
21
Comprehension has same meaning with understanding. It is capability to grasp meaning in a text and also the writer’s idea. It is readers’ ability to
underst and the author’s message which is influenced by their background
knowledge in the topic given by the text. According to Hornby “comprehension is means and has excessive aimed in improving or testing one’s understands of a
language whether written or spoken ”.
22
Comprehension is not only need in student’s reading activities, but also to measure the ability of each student in
classroom. Carrel states that “reading comprehension in general viewed is the
resulting from the four way interaction between readers, text, task, and structured activity.
23
The success of this interaction depends of the availability of quality of content and strategist schemata to new problem solving situations. Moreover,
reading comprehension is the process of simultaneously extracting and constructing meaning through interaction and involvement with written language.
It entails three elements: the reader who is doing the comprehending, the text that is to be comprehended, and the activities.
In short, reading comprehension is the act of understanding what readers are being read. It is an intentional, active, interactive process that occurs before,
during and after a person reads a particular piece of writing. Without comprehension, reading is nothing more than tracking symbols on a page with
eyes and sounding them out. People read for many reasons but understanding is always a part of their purpose. Reading comprehension is important because
without it, reading doesn’t provide the reader with any information. Examples of comprehension skills that can be taught and applied to all reading situations
21
Tarigan 2008Inferential comprehension strategy for use with primary grade children. The Reading Teacher, 34, 608-615
22
Hornby, G. 2000 Improving Parental Involvement. London: Cassell.
23
Carrel, P.L., 2010. Facilitating ESL Reading by Teaching Text Structure. TESOL Quarterly, 727-52
include: Summarizing, Sequencing, Inference, Comparing and contrasting, drawing conclusions, Self-questioning, Problem-solving, relating background
knowledge, distinguishing between fact and opinion, Finding the main idea, important facts, and supporting details and these skills are particularly important
for comprehending what is generally known as information reading or expository reading. Moreover according to Carlisle, J. F Reading comprehension requires
complex thinking, specific strategies, and motivated reading.
24
Just like other reading skills, comprehension takes years to become fluent and automatic.
Teachers can assess children’s comprehension with questions, tests, writing, and discussions to diagnose strengths and weaknesses. Research has shown that when
teachers provide instruction on specific strategies to monitor and repair comprehension, it improves children’s reading achievement. Expert teachers
embed strategy instruction in guided reading, informal assessments, and discussions about content so that students learn to construct, analyze, and extend
the meaning of texts whenever they read
.
5. Factors Influence of Reading
Reading is a complex cognitive activity that is indispensable for adequate functioning and for obtaining information in contemporary society. Reading skill
as a process that involves the activation of relevant knowledge and language skills to get information across from one in
dividual to another. İn the reading skill, there are many factors influencing the readers to comprehend the reading text, as
follow: a
Background Knowledge Background knowledge plays an essential role in reading comprehension.
In an effort to comprehend a text, students rely on their background knowledge to link what they already know to the text they are reading. Background knowledge
includes both a reader’s real-world experiences and literary knowledge. Drawing
24
Carlisle, J. F. and M. S. Rice, Improving Reading Comprehension: Research-Based Principles and Practices, York Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 2002.
