2. Theories of Characterization
According to Holman and Harmon, characterization is “the creation of images of imaginary persons so that they exist for the readers as lifelike” 1986: 81. In other
words, characterization is the creation of imaginative character in the fiction. The thesis writer believes that it is important to know about the methods in doing
characterization in order to enhance the understanding of character. In Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas
Students, M.J Murphy states that characterization is how an author conveys to the reader what sort of people they are, how an author makes the reader get to know and
understand them. According to Murphy, there are nine methods in doing characterization which are personal description, character as seen by another, speech,
past life, conversation by another characters, reactions, direct comment, thought, and mannerisms 1972: 162-173. The writer will use some of those methods to observe
the characteristic of the main character which are the personal description, character seen by another, speech, conversation of other characters, reactions toward various
events or situations, and thoughts. a.
Personal description The author describes a person by giving details of appearance. The author can
tell the readers the details of the color of the skin and of the hair, the shape, or the clothes used, which may keep the readers to visualize the person and to know
characters as well.
b. Character as seen by another
Using this way means that the author may describe a person by using another person’s eyes and opinion. What people in the story think about certain character can
be significant to the reader’s understanding from which the readers can set a reflected image on the character.
c. Speech
The author can give the readers an insight into a person’s character through what the person says. Whenever a person speaks in a conversation, or it gives an
opinion, he gives a clue that the reader may know how his character is. d.
Past life It suggests that the author may picture a person’s past life permitting the
readers to obtain a clue to events that have helped to shape his character. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person’s thought, through his or
her conversation or through the medium of another person. e.
Conversation of other characters The author uses this way to give a description of a person through the
conversation of other people and things they say about him. People do talk about other people and the things they say often served as a clue to the character of the
person that is spoken about. f.
Reaction To describe a person, the author can show how the person reacts to various
situations and events which allow the readers to get a clue to this character.
g. Direct comment
It means that the author can explicitly give direct description or comment on a person’s character.
h. Thoughts
The author can describe a person’s character by giving the readers knowledge of what the person is thinking.
i. Mannerism
It suggests that the author can convey something about a person by describing his mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies.
3. Theories of Conflict
Dean G. Pruitt and Jeffrey Z. Rubin in Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate and Settlement define conflict “as a sharp disagreement or opposition, as of interests,
ideas and includes the perceived divergence of interest, or a belief that the parties current aspirations cannot be achieved simultaneously” 1986: 4. According to Roy
J. Lewicki, Bruce Barry and David M. Saunders in Essentials of Negotiation, there are several different types of conflict, including interpersonal and intrapersonal
conflicts 2006: 17. a. Interpersonal conflict
Wayne Weiten, Dana Dunn and Elizabeth Hammer describe the important points of interpersonal conflict in Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in
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