Theories of Conflict Review of Related Theories

c. Participative Activity According to Pikunas, a mature adult is able to act on his or her initiative, set goals, and involve the whole person in activities. Self-knowledge, active engagement of abilities, and experimentation with one’s potential can help the person to mold himself or herself to an appropriate model. d. Application of Knowledge and Experience Application of knowledge and experience are done through constant self- examination and self-evaluate which are necessary to improve discrimination in terms of what is worth knowing and how to apply knowledge. Mature person treats his or her previous experiences and knowledge as sources of learning therefore he or she will use his or her self-examination and self-evaluate to gain his or her appropriate decision in life. e. Communication of Experience Pikunas describes that the ability to relate experiences satisfactorily, especially significant experiences can enhance personal adequacy and adjustment. It means that mature person is able to communicate his or her experiences and needs with others. f. Sensitivity to the Needs of Others According to Pikunas, a mature person attains a level of control that permits constant service to the needs of others. g. Dealing Constructively with Frustration One of the major signs of maturity is the increasing ability to delay the gratification of psychological needs and to control or tolerate considerable amounts of disappointment, deprivation, anxiety, and frustration in general. As the adolescent becomes better able to cope with and solve his or her conflicts, he or she advances toward the attainment of maturity. From his or her past frustration, a mature person should be able to examine and draw positive lessons for future activities. He or she learns ways to express his or her drives and emotions without hurting others or himself. In dealing constructively with frustration or other emotional experiences, Bukatko in Child and Adolescent: A Chronological Approach adds that a mature person is a person who has developed emotional self-efficacy. For many children , the various facets of emotional development culminate in a more mature state of emotional self-efficacy, the ability to accept and feel in control of one’s emotion. Well-adjusted individuals are able to handle challenging emotional encounters with an appropriate emotional tone. They accept their emotional experiences, both good and bad, and feel they are able to manage them. Emotional challenges are met with a sense of wanting to move forward in a positive way 2008: 532. It means a mature person knows how to act properly in certain circumstances by successfully managing the good and bad emotional experiences so that he or she can be a better person. He or she is also able to perform more proper emotional tone. h. Willingness to Assume Adult Responsibilities The author points out that a young adult needs to develop his or her abilities and readiness to assume personal responsibilities pertaining to his or her status, duties