Cost Analysis for Reducing Traffic Jam in Campus (Study Case: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta)

COST ANALYSIS FOR REDUCING TRAFFIC JAM IN CAMPUS
(Study Case: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta)

Submitted by:
Kurniaddin Mahmud
108081100002

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT
INTERNATIONAL-CLASS PROGRAM
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
2013 AD/1434 AH

Bachelor thesis under the title
COST ANALYSIS FOR REDUCING TRAFFIC JAM IN CAMPUS
(Study Case: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta)
arranged as one of requirements to attain bachelor degree in Faculty of Economics
and Business, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

Submitted by
Kurniaddin Mahmud

NIM: 108081100002

is approved by Department of Management, International Class Program, Faculty
of Economics and Business, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta under the
supervisory of:
Supervisor I

Supervisor II

Prof. Dr. Margareth Gfrerer

Amalia, SE, MSM
ID. 197408212009012005

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT
INTERNATIONAL CLASS PROGRAM
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
2013 AD/1434 AH
i

CERTIFICATION OF COMPREHENSIVE EXAM SHEET

On this day, Friday, March 23, 2012, a Comprehensive Examination has been
conducted to student:
1. Name

: Kurniaddin Mahmud

2. Student Number

: 108081100002

3. Department

: Management (International Program)

4. Thesis Title

: ―COST ANALYSIS FOR REDUCING

TRAFFIC JAM IN CAMPUS (Case Study: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah
Jakarta)‖
By considering the evaluation result of the student during examination, it is
decided that the student has passed the Comprehensive Examination and is given
opportunity to work for thesis as one of requirements for acquiring the Bachelor
of Economics title from the Department of Management, Faculty of Economics
and Business, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta.

Jakarta, March 23, 2012

Prof. Dr. Abdul Hamid, MS
ID. 19570617198503.1.002

(_________________________)
Examiner I

Arief Mufraini, Lc., M.Si.
ID. 19770122200312.1.000

(__________________________)
Examiner II

Dr. Yahya Hamja, MM
ID. 194906021978031001

(___________________________)
Examiner III
ii

CERTIFICATION OF THESIS DEFENCE EXAM SHEET
On this day, Thursday, June 27, 2013, a Thesis Defense Examination has been
conducted to student:
1. Name

: Kurniaddin Mahmud

2. Student Number

: 108081100002

3. Department

: Management (International Program)

4. Thesis Title
: ―COST ANALYSIS FOR REDUCING
TRAFFIC JAM IN CAMPUS (Case Study: UIN Syarif Hidayatullah
Jakarta)‖
By considering the evaluation result of the student during examination, it is
decided that the student has passed the Thesis Defence Examination and the thesis
is accepted as one of requirements for acquiring the Bachelor of Economics title
from the Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, Syarif
Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta.

Jakarta, June 27, 2013

Leis Suzanawaty, SE, M.Si.
ID. 197208092005012004

(_________________________)
Chairman

Dr. Ahmad Dumyathi Bashori, MA
ID. 19700106200312001

(__________________________)
Secretary

Cut Erika A.F., SE, MBA

(___________________________)
Expert Examiner

Prof. Dr. Margareth Gfrerer

(_________________________)
Supervisor I

A m a l i a, S E, MSM

ID. 197408212009012005

(_________________________)
Supervisor II
iii

STATEMENT OF THESIS ORIGINALITY

This is to state that, on behalf of myself:
NAME

: KURNIADDIN MAHMUD

ID NUMBER

: 108081100002

FACULTY

: Economics and Business (FEB)

MAJOR

: Management (International Program)

I hereby declare that, in writing this thesis, I:
1. Did not use other people’s ideas, unless by such a development and am
responsible for it.
2. Did not infringe upon anyone’s copyright.
3. Did not derive other people’s work, unless by attaching the original
resource or under the permission of the author.
4. Did not manipulate and fake the data.
5. Am the sole author of this thesis and that no part of this thesis has
been published or submitted for publication.

I certify that if at a later date there is any claim from other party on my work, and
it has been proven by accountable evidence, found that i have infringed the
statement above, I would not mind of being sanctioned under the rules running in
the Faculty of Economics and Business UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
Accordingly, this statement was sincerely made.

Jakarta, February 12, 2013
Author
Kurniaddin Mahmud
iv

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name

: Kurniaddin Mahmud

Place, date of birth

: Purworejo, 2nd January 1990

Address

: Jalan Gunung Rinjani Raya Blok GA 9 No. 5 Villa
Tangerang Indah, Gebang Raya, Periuk, Kota Tangerang
15132 – Banten

E-mail

: caesarasadullah@yahoo.com,
kurniaddinmahmud@rocketmail.com,

Facebook & Twitter : Caesar Asadullah
Cell phone

: 0813 9901 3625

Educational Background:
1. TK Islam Baidaul Ahkam, year 1995-1996, Kel. Gebang Raya, Kec.
Jatiuwung, Kodya Tangerang
2. SDN Gebang Raya I, year 1996-2002, Kel. Gebang Raya, Kec. Periuk,
Kota Tangerang
3. Ma‘had (MTs & MA) Darul Arqam Muhammadiyah Daerah Garut, year
2002-2008, Desa Cimaragas, Kec. Cilawu, Kab. Garut
4. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, International Class Program, Faculty of
Economics and Business, year 2008-now

Informal Courses:
1. Practical English Centre (PEC), year 2001-2002
2. Arabic Course, Language Center Ma‘had Darul Arqam Muhammadiyah
Daerah Garut, year 2002-2003
3. English Course, Language Center Ma‘had Darul Arqam Muhammadiyah
Daerah Garut, year 2003-2004
4. Computer Course (Microsoft Office), Laboratorium Komputer Ma‘had
Darul Arqam Muhammadiyah Daerah Garut, year 2003-2004
5. In-Service Training by PUSKADIABUMA in cooperation with Denmark
Embassy, Ponpes Cipasung, Tasikmalaya, year 2007
6. Campus of Marketing Club (CMC), MarkPlus, year 2011-2012

v

Organizational Experiences:
1. Staff of LPKWU (Lembaga Peningkatan Kewirausahaan) Pimpinan
Ranting Ikatan Remaja Muhammadiyah Darul Arqam Garut, year 20022003
2. Staff of KPSDM (Kaderisasi Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia)
Pimpinan Ranting Ikatan Remaja Muhammadiyah Darul Arqam Garut,
year 2003-2004
3. Staff of KPSDM (Kaderisasi Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia)
Pimpinan Ranting Ikatan Remaja Muhammadiyah Darul Arqam Garut,
year 2004-2005
4. Staff of KPSDM (Kaderisasi Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia)
Pimpinan Ranting Ikatan Remaja Muhammadiyah Darul Arqam Putra
Garut, year 2005-2006
5. Chief of Korps Muballigh Remaja Pimpinan Ranting Ikatan Remaja
Muhammadiyah Darul Arqam Putra Garut, year 2005-2006
6. Chairman of Pimpinan Ranting Ikatan Remaja Muhammadiyah Darul
Arqam Putra Garut, year 2006-2007
7. General Treasurer of Asrama Mahasiswa UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta,
year 2008-2009
8. Chief of Bidang Pengkaderan dan Organisasi Pimpinan Komisariat
Ekonomi dan Ilmu Sosial IMM (Ikatan Mahasiswa Muhammadiyah)
Cabang Ciputat, year 2009-2010
9. Chief of Bidang Organisasi Pimpinan Komisariat Ekonomi dan Ilmu
Sosial IMM (Ikatan Mahasiswa Muhammadiyah) Cabang Ciputat, year
2010-2011
10. Staff of LSO Bahasa BEM Jurusan Manajemen FEB (Faculty of
Economics and Business) UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, year 20102011
11. Presidium III Himpunan Mahasiswa Program Kelas Internasional FEB
UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, year 2008
12. PISCOM (Piety Student Community), year 2011-2012.
Other experiences:
1. Teaching-team of TPA Al-Istiqomah, Villa Tangerang Indah, Kota
Tangerang
2. Marketing team of Koperasi Lestari Handy Craft, Cempaka Putih, Ciputat
Timur, Tangerang Selatan, July 2011-July 2012.
vi

3. Ambassador of GRLI (Globally Responsible Leadership Initiative), PACSR, year 2011
4. Speaker in Seminar Kewirausahaan organized by KKN (Kuliah Kerja
Nyata) group of students of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Kec.
Cibadak, Sukabumi, year 2011
5. Pencak Silat Athlete Delegation from Perguruan Sinar Pusaka Putra Garut,
Kejuaran PPSI Kabupaten Garut, year 2008
6. Athlete Delegation from Tapak Suci Putera Muhammadiyah Daerah Garut
for Kejuaraan Wilayah Tapak Suci Putera Muhammadiyah year 2008 in
Bekasi, Jawa Barat.
7. Committee chief of Green Campus UIN Jakarta 2012 event, March-May
2012.
8. Teacher and headmaster of PKBM Lestari, Kampung Utan, Ciputat,
Tangerang Selatan, January-July 2012.
9. Staff of TITA (Turkish-Indonesian Trade Association), March 2013.

vii

ABSTRACT
The campus of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta is frequented by thousands of
people comprising students, lecturers, and others every day. Many of them arrive
at the campus by motorcycle. Paths at the campus are jammed by motorcycles.
Emergency cars could hardly pass. The space for pedestrian is limited. The air and
noise impact the people in campus.
This study has been initiated to find out the needs that the campus could become
more environmental friendly. The objective of this research is to contribute to the
Green Campus program by considering the possibility of initiating ‗Bike-inUniversity‘ and vegetation program.
This research analyzes the preconditions of the implementation of the Green
Campus program by targeting the students and their mobility behaviors to and
from the campus, from economics perspective.
This research was firstly presuming that the reasons why students prefer to choose
motorcycle or cars instead of bicycle or walking on foot are relating to economic
aspects, the distance, the duration of the travel, and the status or lifestyle.
Finally, as the expected result, this projected program may effectively reduces the
traffic jam, as well as reduces pollution, inside the university area by moving the
parking area into special parking building outside the campus, or/and building
dormitories for the students currently using motorcycle to Campus, and may
implies to long term benefit for the university and also the academic community
in the campus.
Keywords: traffic jam, parking building, dormitories, costs.

viii

ABSTRAK
Kampus UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta sering dikunjungi oleh ribuan orang
yang terdiri dari mahasiswa, dosen, dan lain-lain setiap hari. Banyak dari mereka
datang ke kampus dengan sepeda motor. Ruas jalan yang ada di dalam kampus
penuh sesak oleh sepeda motor. Mobil yang sedang terburu-buru hampir tidak
bisa melintas. Ruang untuk pejalan kaki terbatas. Kondisi udara dan kebisingan
mempengaruhi orang-orang di kampus.
Studi ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pentingnya kampus menjadi lebih ramah
lingkungan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan kontribusi bagi
program Green Campus dengan mempertimbangkan kemungkinan untuk
mengadakan sepeda kampus dan program penghijauan.
Penelitian ini menganalisis prakondisi pelaksanaan program Green Campus
dengan menargetkan mahasiswa dan perilaku mobilitas mereka ke dan dari
kampus, dari perspektif ekonomi.
Penelitian ini pertama sekali menganggap bahwa alasan mengapa mahasissiswa
lebih suka memilih sepeda motor atau mobil, ketimbang sepeda atau berjalan
kaki, adalah berkaitan dengan aspek ekonomi, jarak, lama perjalanan, dan status
atau gaya hidup.
Akhirnya, sebagai hasil yang diharapkan, program ini diproyeksikan secara
efektif dapat mengurangi kemacetan, juga polusi, di dalam area universitas
dengan memindahkan tempat parkir ke gedung parkir khusus di luar kampus,
atau/dan membangun asrama bagi para mahasiswa yang menggunakan sepeda
motor ke kampus, dan diharapkan pula dapat berimplikasi pada manfaat jangka
panjang bagi universitas dan juga komunitas akademis di kampus.
Kata kunci: kemacetan, gedung parkir, asrama, biaya.

ix

FOREWORDS

All praise be to Allah, The Most Glorious and The Most Mercifull, after passing
long time period by hard work and support of almost all people around the author,
this thesis is finally finished.

This research try to identify the mapping of transportation modality of UIN
Jakarta‘s students and its economics impacts. Hopefully, it could contribute to the
development of the Campus in the future.

The author is very gratefull to parties as the following, including those who are
not mentioned person per person. The author thanks to:
1.

Allah SWT, who always makes the author enjoys the activities, meet the
author with kind people, and make all the ways easy to pass. Alhamdu lillaahi
Rabbi Al-‗Aalamiin. All praise be to Him, The Essence.

2.

Rasulullah SAW who always inspires the author with his entire example.

3.

Lovely parents who never stop to pray for the author‘s success; ustadzs and
ustadzahs, teachers, and lecturers who had supplied the author by all
beneficial knowledge for worldly life and hereafter.

4.

The supervisors: Prof. Dr. Margareth Maria Anna Gfrerer (Mom Margareth),
Ibu Amalia, SE, MSM (Bu Amel), who have been patient in guiding the
author in the work for this thesis.

5.

Technical Coordinator of International Class Program, Pak Arief Mufraini;
also his secretary, Ustadz Ahmad Dumyati Bashori; the very kind staff, Bang
Sugih Waluya R.

6.

Stijn Van Mol, Fauziyah Hasanah, Rabiatul Aulia, Asrina, and all the Green
Campus Team who have made a lot of impressive things along this research.

7.

Rindana Intan Emelia, who had helped a lot in disseminating the
questionnaire online.
x

8.

LDK Syahid who had provided support and link to disseminate the
questionnaire.

9.

Abiler in EDUCARE, Dhersane Pepaya and PISCOM, dhersane‘s imam,
Uray Noviandy Taslim, and other jama‘ats of dhersane Pepaya: Al Akhzar,
Faza, Aa Sulaiman, and especially M. Irhamni Abdul Latief who had
delivered help in disseminating the questionnaires.

10. Classmates (batchmates: Fitoy, Gugun, Afiew, Rian, Eko, Mia, Sita, Vivin,
Berly, Angga, Royan, Abhi, Rizky, Shinta, Farah, Lucky, Novita), seniors,
juniors and all the students of International Program who have prayed for the
finishing of this thesis.
11. All people who supported the author by all facilities, who cannot be
mentioned one by one, by the author.

The author realized that there must be any imperfection within this research, due
to the limitation of the author, eihter in the term of knowledge or ability.
Therefore, it is an honor for the author to have any suggestion from anyone to do
such improvement and development. Expectedly, there would be any further
research in the same field to develop related theme.

Jakarta, February 11, 2013

Kurniaddin Mahmud

xi

TABLE OF CONTENT

Cover
Thesis Approval Sheet ..................................................................................

i

Certification of Comprehensive Exam Sheet .............................................

ii

Certification of Thesis Defence Exam Sheet ............................................... iii
Statement of Thesis Originality ................................................................... iv
Curriculum Vitae ..........................................................................................

v

Abstract .. ....................................................................................................... viii
Abstrak ........................................................................................................... ix
Forewords .......................................................................................................

x

Table of Content ............................................................................................ xii
List of Table ................................................................................................... xv
List of Figure ................................................................................................. xx
List of Appendix ............................................................................................ xxii
INTRODUCTION ............................................................

1

A. Background ..............................................................................

1

B. Research Question ...................................................................

7

C. Research Objective and Research Benefit ...............................

7

1. Research Objective ...........................................................

7

2. Research Benefit ...............................................................

8

LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................

9

A. Theories Related .....................................................................

9

1. Costs ...................................................................................

9

2. Benefit .................................................................................

11

3. Cost-Benefit Analysis .........................................................

13

4. Green Campus .....................................................................

15

B. Previous Research ...................................................................

18

C. Logical Framework .................................................................

19

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................

21

CHAPTER I

CHAPTER II

CHAPTER III

xii

A. Scope of Research ...................................................................

21

B. Sampling Method ....................................................................

22

1. Population ...........................................................................

22

2. Sample ................................................................................

23

3. Sample Size ........................................................................

24

C. Data Collection Technique ......................................................

25

D. Data Analysis Technique ........................................................

28

1. Data Reduction ...................................................................

28

2. Data Display .......................................................................

29

3. Conclusion Drawing ...........................................................

29

E. Research Instrument ................................................................

31

F. Operational Variable ...............................................................

33

FINDING AND ANALYSIS .........................................

37

A. Finding .....................................................................................

37

B. Analysis ...................................................................................

46

1. Motorcycle ..........................................................................

51

2. Public Transportation ..........................................................

52

3. Bicycle ................................................................................

53

4. On Foot ...............................................................................

58

5. Car .......................................................................................

59

6. Other ...................................................................................

61

7. Maintenance ........................................................................

65

C. Evaluation and Interpretation ..................................................

79

CHAPTER IV

1. Recapitulation of Time Consumed and Cost Spent by
Respondents ........................................................................

79

2. Total Cost and Total Time Spent during the 4 Years of Study 80
3. Opportunity Lost of Respondents .......................................

81

D. Suggested Alternative Solution ................................................

82

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION ........................... 100

A. Conclusion ............................................................................... 100
xiii

B. Implication ................................................................................ 102
C. Recommendation ..................................................................... 104
REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 106
APPENDICES ............................................................................................... 113

xiv

LIST OF TABLE

Number

Table 2.1

Description

Page

Previous Research Conducted in UIN Syarif
Hidayatullah Jakarta‘s Campus

18

Comparison of Probability Sampling and
Non-probability Sampling

23

Determination of Sample Size from a Certain
Population with Standard Error of 1%, 5%, and 10%

24

Table 3.3

Measurement Levels

27

Table 3.4

The variables, subvariables, and indicators of green
campus according to Dr. Arif Zulkifli Nasution

33

The variables, subvariables, and indicators of green
campus (UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta case)

35

Table 4.1

Transportation Choice of Respondents

37

Table 4.2

Reason of Respondents in Choosing Their Means of
Transport

37

Willingness of Respondents to Take Public
Transportation if Public Transportation is Cheaper

38

Willingness of Respondents to Take Public
Transportation if Public Transportation is Faster

38

Table 4.5

Respondents Maintenance on Their Means of Transport

39

Table 4.5a1

Vehicle Component Maintained by Respondents

39

Table 4.5b1

Respondents Reason of Maintaining Their Vehicles

39

Table 4.5c1

Respondents‘ Transportation Cost per Year

40

Table 4.5a2

Reason for Not Maintaining

40

Table 4.6

Refueling Habit of Respondents

40

Table 4.7

Distance to Campus Beaten by Respondents

41

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.5

Table 4.3

Table 4.4

xv

Respondents‘ Travel Time to Campus, Including
Traffic Jam

41

Respondents‘ Travel Time to Campus, Ignoring
Traffic Jam

42

Table 4.10

Respondents‘ Attendance Frequency to Campus

42

Table 4.11

Motorcycle Ownership of Respondents‘ Family

42

Table 4.12

Car Ownership of Respondents‘ Family

43

Table 4.13

Respondents Opinion on Biking (Transporting by Bike)
to Campus

43

Table 4.14

Respondents Opinion on Biking at (inside) Campus

43

Table 4.15

Respondents‘ Transportation Cost per Week

44

Table 4.16

Respondents Opinion on Car-Free Campus

44

Table 4.17

Respondents Opinion on Motorcycle-Free Campus

45

Table 4.18

Respondents Opinion on New Garden Provision in
Campus

45

Respondents Opinion on Provision of More Vegetation
in Campus

45

Table 4.20

Transportation-Modality Mapping

46

Table 4.21

The Dominant Reason of Respondents in Choosing
Means of Transport

47

Table 4.22

Reasons Mapping on Transportation Choice

47

Table 4.23

Reason of Motorcycle Users

51

Table 4.24

Respondents Reason of Using Public Transportation

52

Table 4.25

Respondents Reason of Using Bicycle

53

Table 4.26

Comparison between Motorcycle Speed and Bicycle
Speed

54

Table 4.27

The Speed of Car and Public Transportation

55

Table 4.28

Speed of Walking ―on Foot‖ and ―Other‖ Transportation
Means

56

Table 4.8

Table 4.9

Table 4.19

xvi

Table 4.29

Recapitulation of Relative Speed

57

Table 4.30

Recapitulation of Relative Speed, Sequenced from the
Fastest to the Slowest

57

Table 4.31

Respondents Reason of Walking on Foot

58

Table 4.32

Average Distance Taken by Each Transportation Means

59

Table 4.33

Respondents Reason of Using Their Car

59

Table 4.34

Recapitulation of Relative Speed, Sequenced from
the Fastest to the Slowest

60

Table 4.35

Reason of Those Taking Other Transportation Means

61

Table 4.36

Description of Those Taking Other Transportation

61

Table 4.37

Transportation Cost per Week of Those Taking
Other Transportation

63

Table 4.38

Willingness to Take Public Transportation

63

Table 4.39

Comparison between Tendency Take Public
Transportation if It is Cheaper and if It is Faster

64

Specific Overview of Respondents Who Maintains
and Don‘t Maintain Their Vehicles

65

Table 4.41

Average Annual Maintenance Cost

66

Table 4.42

Average Distance Taken by Respondents

66

Table 4.43

Respondents‘ Average Travel Time if Traffic-Jam
Time is Included

66

Table 4.40

Table 4.44

Respondents‘ Average Travel Time, Including & Ignoring
Traffic-Jam Time, and Average Time Spent Amid Traffic
Jam
67

Table 4.45

Average of Respondents‘ Attendance Frequency to
Campus

67

Time-Consumed Comparison between Motorcycle
and Car in Reaching The Campus

69

Respondents Family Ownership of Motorcycle and Car

71

Table 4.46

Table 4.47

xvii

Table 4.48

Comparison of Respondents Opinion on Bike to and on
Bike at Campus

71

Respondents‘ Weighted Average Transportation Cost
per Week

72

Detail Elaboration of Each Level of Weekly
Transportation Cost

73

Detail Elaboration of Each Level of Weekly
Transportation Cost, by Ignoring Those Walking

74

Weighted Average Transportation Cost, Ignoring
Those Walking

75

Weighted Average Transportation Cost, Ignoring Those
Walking and Those Using Bicycle

75

Summary of Average Costs and Average Time
Spent by Respondents

79

Estimated Maintenance, Transportation, Parking Costs
Spent by Motorcycle Users

81

Estimated Maintenance, Transportation, Parking Costs
Spent by Car Users

81

Table 4.57

Growth of UIN Jakarta‘s Graduates

84

Table 4.58

UIN Jakarta‘s Graduates Growth

85

Table 4.59

UIN Jakarta‘s Graduates Descriptive Statistic Summary,
by MS Excel

85

Table 4.60

Forecasted Growth of Graduates from 2013 to 2017

86

Table 4.61

Forecasted Transportation Modality of UIN Jakarta‘s
Students in the Highest, Base, and Lowest Possible Case

88

Table 4.62

Type of Vehicle and Parking Space Unit

90

Table 4.63

Forecasted Operational Cost of Parking Building

91

Table 4.64

BI Rate (Based on decision of board meeting), 5th July

Table 4.49

Table 4.50

Table 4.51

Table 4.52

Table 4.53

Table 4.54

Table 4.55

Table 4.56

xviii

2005 to 7th March 2013

92

Payback Period and Discounted Payback Period
of Parking Building

94

Table 4.66

Forecasted Operational Cost of Dormitories

96

Table 4.67

Payback Period and Discounted Payback Period
of Dormitories

97

Table 4.65

xix

LIST OF FIGURE
Number

Description

Page

Figure 1.1

Banner of Bike@Campus ITB

3

Figure 1.2

Announcement Displayed in Bike Shelter of IPB

5

Figure 1.3

Procedures of Bike Borrowing in IPB

5

Figure 1.4

Borrowing Form of IPB‘s Bikes

6

Figure 1.5

Returning Form of IPB‘s Bikes

6

Figure 2.1

Logical Framework

19

Figure 3.1

Illustration of Data Analysis Comprising Data
Reduction, Data Display, and Conclusion Drawing

30

Figure 4.1

Trend of Transportation Choice

46

Figure 4.2

Reasons Function to Transportation Means

49

Figure 4.3

Transportation Means Function to Reasons

50

Figure 4.4

Respondents Reasons of Choosing Motorcycle

51

Figure 4.5

Respondent Reason of Using Pablic Transportation

52

Figure 4.6

Respondents Reason of Using Bicycle to Campus

53

Figure 4.7

Respondents Reason of Walking on Foot to Campus

58

Figure 4.8

Respondents Reason of Using Car to Campus

59

Figure 4.9

Comparison between Tendency to Take Public
Transportation if It is Cheaper and if It is Faster

64

Figure 4.10

Motorcycle Ownership of Respondents Family

68

Figure 4.11

Car Ownership of Respondents Family

69

Figure 4.12

Respondents Family Ownership of Motorcycle and
Car, In Comparison

71

Comparison of Respondents Opinion on Bike to and on
Bike at Campus

72

Comparison of Respondents Opinion on
Car-Free UIN and Motorcycle-Free UIN

76

Figure 4.13

Figure 4.14

xx

Respondents‘ Opinion on New Gardens Provision in
UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta‘s Campus

77

Respondents‘ Opinion on More Vegetations Provision in
UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta‘s Campus

78

Figure 4.17

Parking Cost in UIN Jakarta

80

Figure 4.18

Growth of UIN Jakarta‘s Graduates

85

Figure 4.19

The Rough Forecast on the Growth of Total Students in
Few Years Later

87

Parking Tariff in UIN Jakarta

92

Figure 4.15

Figure 4.16

Figure 4.20

xxi

LIST OF APPENDIX
Number

Appendix 1:

Description

Page

Questionnaire Structure

113

Appendix 2: Result of Questionnaire Dissemination
(Absolute and Relative Number), TOTAL

116

Appendix 3: Result of Questionnaire Dissemination
(Absolute and Relative Number), Motorcycle

120

Appendix 4: Result of Questionnaire Dissemination
(Absolute and Relative Number), Public Transportation

124

Appendix 5: Result of Questionnaire Dissemination
(Absolute and Relative Number), Bicycle

128

Appendix 6: Result of Questionnaire Dissemination
(Absolute and Relative Number), On Foot

132

Appendix 7: Result of Questionnaire Dissemination
(Absolute and Relative Number), Car

136

Appendix 8: Result of Questionnaire Dissemination
(Absolute and Relative Number), Other

140

Appendix 9:

144

Grand Mapping

Appendix 10: Observation Photos

152

Appendix 11: Chi Square Table

157

xxii

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Year by year, the number of students of State Islamic University (UIN)
Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta increases. Based on UIN Syarif Hidayatullah
Jakarta‘s website,

www.uinjkt.ac.id, accessed on 26th March, 2012,

nowadays, the number of students of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta has
reached 23,000 and in average, there is an annual increase of around 4,000
students.
This increase factually implies to the increase of the number of motorized
vehicles coming in to and out from the campus of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah
Jakarta. While, the volume of vehicles brought by the students to the campus
gets denser every year, and impacts the paths inside the campus I. Parking
areas are extended to the paths, dominantly by motorcycle. Dr. Lily Surayya
Eka Putri, M.Env.Stud., et. al. (2011: 32) within Strategi Pengembangan UIN
Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta Menuju Eco-Campus revealed, in 2007, total
amount of motorcycles (plus cars) coming into campus I UIN Syarif
Hidayatullah Jakarta is only 1152. Meanwhile, a very surprising number is
there in 2011, when the total amount of motorcycles (plus cars) entering the
campus I is 3552, which means an increase of 220%.
Due to this phenomenon, a cost-benefit analysis will evaluate the
economic facts towards university and the students.
1

In preparing the needs-analysis and the following research for the UIN
Jakarta‘s Campus, the campuses of University of Indonesia, Agricultural
Institute of Bogor, and Technology Institute of Bandung were visited.
The field observation at the Campus of University of Indonesia (UI) was
scheduled for Friday, 10th February 2012.
The implementation of bike-in-campus in UI is well managed. Students
are using the bicycle to reach the different faculties and other buildings in the
Campus area. It seems the success of the implementation of bike-in-campus is
because of the infrastructure:
1) The spacious area and a bit turned from the main street impacts the
roadway inside the university is much more quite of cars, motorcycle, and
other vehicles.
2) Special lane for bike is available in some areas inside the Campus, and
even for some places without any bike lane, because the street is quiet and
very few cars and motorcycles passing, the bikers can pass the street easily
to reach the destination place.
3) Because the area of the university is very much huge, and taking much
more minutes to walk, so then the huge number of students who‘s not
having their own vehicles are very much supported with the existence of
bikes in campus.
The field observation at the Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), which
was scheduled for Wednesday, 15th February 2012.
2

This university started Bike@Campus program on July 10, 2010 with 20
bikes. An upgrading to 90 bikes followed during July to August 2010. In the
period of September to December 2010 the program was in the phase of
stabilization and consolidation.
Figure 1.1
Banner of Bike@Campus ITB

Source: researcher‘s photo collection, captured from the banner
displayed in ITB (Bandung Institute of Technology)

At the campus, interviews with some students were conducted. The
following points were highlighted:
1) The number of bikes supplied is less than the amount needed, so it doesn‘t
fit with the demand at the Campus. As a result, most students choose
walking to reach their faculties or other buildings.
2) Some bikes are locked and not useful for students. Walking, as students
are saying, is no matter for them because the area of the university is not
that spacious so they can reach their destination buildings in not more than
3

5 to 10 minutes from the gate. Besides, walking is much simpler than
using a bike for such short distances because there are only two bike
shelters inside the university. The time students could save when taking a
bicycle is minimal.
3) Due to the fact that most students prefer walking, only a small number of
bikes is used. However, the usage is usually only for carrying heavier
stuffs, not for daily transport inside the Campus. Some students have
admitted to use the bike only for having fun in the break time.
The field observation at the Bogor Institute of Agriculture (IPB) was
scheduled on Monday, 20th February 2012.
In IPB, the officers/keepers of the bike shelter were interviewed. The
shelter keepers explained that bikes at the premises of the Campus were
launched four years ago, in cooperation with BNI (Bank Nasional Indonesia).
BNI supplied 300 bikes and the university itself supplied another 200 bikes
and later another 500 bikes, which means there are 1,000 bikes available in
total, distributed into nine shelters that are also built by the sponsor of BNI.
Each shelter is managed by two officers/keepers.
The procedures of borrowing and returning back the bikes are well
administered. By filling ID number and other identity on the blank form, the
student can take a bike to ride and return it to the next shelter available. The
shelters open at 8.00 a.m. to 3.30 p.m.

4

Figure 1.2
Announcement Displayed in Bike Shelter of IPB

Source: researcher‘s photo collection, captured from the announcement
displayed in a bike shelter, in IPB (Bogor Institute of Agriculture)

Figure 1.3
Procedures of Bike Borrowing in IPB

Source: researcher‘s photo collection, captured from the
announcement displayed in a bike shelter, in IPB
(Bogor Institute of Agriculture)

5

Figure 1.4
Borrowing Form of IPB’s Bikes

Source: researcher‘s photo collection, captured from the announcement displayed in a bike
shelter, in IPB (Bogor Institute of Agriculture)

Figure 1.5
Returning Form of IPB’s Bikes

Source: researcher‘s photo collection, captured from the announcement
displayed in a bike shelter, in IPB (Bogor Institute of Agriculture)

The insight to the UI, ITB, and IPB campus biking allows comparing with
the situation at UIN and leads to the following prerequisites:


Spacious area



Appropriate ratio of bike-to-student (enough supply of bike, that meet the
need of students)

6

Due to that, now then researcher tries to identify the possibility to reduce
traffic jam in UIN and identify the costs students of UIN should pay with the
current condition (time costs and monetary costs).
B. Research Question
This research follows the concept of a descriptive study that is question
related to independent variable, either only one single variable or more, in
which the researcher is neither comparing the variable to other samples, nor
researching for the correlation of the variable with another variable (Sugiyono,
2012: 35).
The question is:
What are the economic implications (transportation costs) for individual
student while reducing the traffic jam at Campus, and what is a possible
solution?
C. Research Objectives and Research Benefits
1. Research Objectives
a. To examine the possibilities at the UIN premises to become a Green
Campus, at least reducing the traffic jam in the Campus.
b. To know the trend of transportation modality of UIN Jakarta‘s
students
c. To know the cost(s) for individual student while reducing the traffic
at Campus

7

d. To propose the Campus management a benefitting solution for
students and campus, in terms of transportation, and, especially,
economic condition.
2. Research Benefits
a. Benefits for the researcher
1) This research could become a scientific writing work in economic
field, related to the one of issues in UIN Syarif Hidayatullah
Jakarta.
2) This research could become the learning process in term of theories
application in the field.
b. Benefit for the campus
1) This research could become a recommendation for the university
management to develop a modern and cost efficient Campus
mobility system.
2) To enrich the literature collection with a case study on a Campus
breakthrough.
c. Benefits for students
1) To elaborate the baseline for the continuous research on the
economic-of-traffic issues at the Campus.
2) To add the references in the campus concerning economics.

8

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Theories Related
1. Costs
Referring to Lewin (1982: 218-219), the term ―cost‖ applied by most
economists refers to what is often loosely called ―opportunity cost‖.
Peter Lewin, as as an Assistant Professor of Economics and Political
Economy at The University of Texas at Dallas, within Journal ―Pollution
Externalities: Social Cost and Strict Liability‖, Cato Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1
(Spring 1982), also explained, that:
―Opportunity cost correctly understood refers to the individual
decision-making process. In making a rational choice at a point of
time, the individual must weigh the perceived alternatives. The
cost of choosing any alternative is related to the opportunities
sacrificed by forgoing all the others and may be expressed as the
utility forgone on the next best alternative. From this point of view,
three propositions about cost follow. 1] Cost is borne exclusively
by the decision-maker. Obviously, one person‘s decision may
influence the costs borne by another but, if understood correctly,
any cost must attach to an individual out of choice. 2] Cost is
inherently subjective. First, it is expressed in utility terms making
it non comparable across individuals if adherence to an ordinal
9

utility concept is to be maintained. Second, cost implies subjective
expectations. It refers to the perceived alternatives; it relates to an
imagined future. The alternatives at any point of time exist only in
the mind of the decision maker, and although there may be some
degree of consensus concerning hypothetical imagined future
prospects, there almost certainly will remain a divergence of
expectations. Thus, costs cannot be measured by an outside
observer. 3] Cost is unrealizable. Once a choice is taken, the
hypothetical imagined future evolves with time into the actual
future and the displaced alternatives cease to exist.‖
Victoria Transport Policy Institute (2011), throughout its release
within Transportation Cost and Benefit Analysis II – Air Pollution Costs
in www.vtpi.org/tca/tca0510.pdf, explained that,
―Air pollution cost refers to motor vehicle air pollutant
damages, including human health, ecological, and aesthetic
degradation.
Vehicle air pollution costs vary depending on vehicle, fuel, and
travel condition. Larger, older and diesel vehicles, and those with
ineffective emission controls have higher emission costs.
Air pollution emissions are an external cost, and therefore
inequitable and inefficient. Lower-income people tend to have
relatively high emission vehicles, so emission fees or restrictions
tend to be regressive, but many lower-income people experience
heavy exposure to air pollutants, and so benefit from emission
reduction strategies.‖
10

Thus, according to such statements revealed above, the cost, especially
within this research, is subjective, depends to the interest of the decision-maker,
and in this research it tends to be much perceived as ―opportunity cost‖.

2. Benefit
According to http://www.thefreedictionary.com/benefit, benefit could
means: good, use, help, profit, gain, advantage, favour, reward, utility, merit,
boon, mileage, advantage, interest, aid, gain, favour, assistance, betterment.
Besides, benefit also defined as:
a. welfare
b. goodness, good - that which is pleasing or valuable or useful
c. advantage, reward - benefit resulting from some event or action
Khusnul Khotimah, et. al., (2002:24, 26) stated that the objective of
conducting a project is to gain benefit by spend the budget as efficient and
effective as possible. Benefit of a project comprises direct benefit, indirect
benefit, and intangible benefit.
Furthermore, the benefit of project can be classified as follow (Khusnul
Khotimah, et. al.,2002: 35-37)
Benefit of a project comprises:
a. Direct benefit,
b. Indirect benefit, and
c. Intangible benefit.

11

(1) Direct benefit could be in the form of:
a. Output-value improvement, that could because of
1) Physical-product improvement
2) Product quality improvement
3) Change in time and location
4) Change in the shape (grading and processing)
b. Cost decrease, that could be:
1) Benefit of mechanism, that could cause a decrease of product
unit cost.
2) Decrease in transportation cost
3) Decrease or avoidance of disadvantages
(2) Indirect benefit or secondary benefit of a project is benefit/advantage
exists or gained outside the project due to the implementation of a
project. There are three kinds of indirect/secondary benefit, that are:
a. Benefit induced by the existence of project that is usually
known as ―multiplier effect‖ of a project.
b. Benefit caused by economic of scale.
c. Benefit induced by dynamic secondary effects, such as a
change in productivity of manpower, caused by improvement
of health and education.
(3) Intangible benefit, that is difficult to count in monetary value, such as:
a. Environmental improvement;
12

b. Improvement of view by the existence of beautiful gardens;
c. Improvement of income distribution;
d. National integration;
e. National defense improvement, and so forth.
3. Cost Benefit Analysis
According to Aula Ahmad Hafidh (2010), cost-benefit analysis ―is
applied for environmental issues, such as pollution, related to both
monetary and nonmonetary, cost and benefit. It is then linked to
externality. The monetary value within cost-benefit analysis reflects
individual‘s or public‘s preference, which is expressed in ―willingness to
pay‖.‖
Ahmad Hafidh (2010) also elaborated that,
―cost-benefit analysis is used to evaluate the consumption of
economic resource to be efficient, without considering the
distribution, economic stability, etc.‖
Textually, based on Ahmad Hafidh (2010), cost-benefit analysis
evaluates loss or gain of a program, plan, or project, by considering the
costs to expend and the benefit to yield.
-

Feasibility Study
Khusnul Khotimah et al. (2002) elaborated that,
―Project is a series of planned-activities with such inputs, to
gain benefit or return in the future. Before implementing the
13

project, doing an evaluation or analysis is an obligation.
Analysis or evaluation is an assessment to consider and to
compare the benefit(s) and the cost(s) of the project. This
evaluation or analysis can be used as a planning tool within
decision-making process, whether the project is applicable or
not, beneficial or not, either for the project-owner‘s interest or
the parties getting involved within the project. The evalution of
project is identical to the feasibility study.‖
Under Jordan (2002),
―A feasibility study is an abbreviated form of systems analysis
that is intended to determine whether a system project should
be pursued, which be accomplished with personal interviews
and record search. The type of feasibility that has always been
of most importance to management has been ―economic
feasibility‖—the ability of a system to pay for itself in
monetary terms.‖
Rajan, et al. (2006: 6) elaborated that, cost-benefit analysis is process
of comparing benefits (often measured in savings or increased profits) with
costs associated with a proposed change within an organization.
James K. Hammitt and Lisa A. Robinson (2011), elaborated that,
benefit-cost analysis is rooted in neoclassical welfare economics, which, in
its most simplified form, assumes that individuals act rationally and are
14

primarily motivated by self-interest, making decisions that maximize their
welfare. Benefit-cost analysis often involves valuing nonmarket outcomes
such as reductions in health and environmental risks. Benefit-cost analysis
traditionally uses exponential discounting to reflect time preferences.
Benefit-cost analysis can be best viewed as a pragmatic framework for
collecting, organizing, and evaluating relevant information.
Van Derbeck (2010: 532) explained that, cost-benefit decision is a
decision as to whether the benefit received from pursuing a certain course
of action exceeds the costs of action.
Under Richard N. Langlois (1982), cost-benefit techniques operate by
disassembling the effects of a ‗‗social decision‘‘ into its component parts,
ascertaining the benefit or cost of each part, and then totaling up the
results. This procedure obscures and does violence to the very complex
and not fully measurable web of social valuation that actually underlies the
problem. In particular, the cost-benefit technique is ad hoc and ahistorical;
it is concerned only with the goal of maximization, relegating all else —
including human rights — to the derivative status of means toward that
end.
4. Green Campus
Balsas (2003) within Panitat (2012) revealed that, university area or
campus is a unique place where people from different backgrounds,
incomes, and attitudes gather for studying, working, and relaxing. In terms
15

of planning, as explained by Toor and Havlick (2004) within Panitat
(2012), campus has a mixed use of educational area, recreational area,
residential area, and commercial area which facilitate short distance
walking in particularly the movement from routine area to gathering places
such as library, canteen, sport complex, and lecture hall.
Concerning

the

Green

Campus,

as

accessed

at

http://www.neiwpcc.org/neiwpcc_docs/greenbk.pdf, a collaborative effort
by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 1, the New
England

Interstate

Water

Pollution

Control

Commission

and

Environmental Training Center (NEIWPCC/NEIETC), and the Northeast
Partnership for Environmental Technology Education (NEPETE) within
―Greening the Campus: Where Practice and Education Go Hand in
Hand”, elaborated as follow.
―In addition to being learning centers, college and university
campuses are self-contained communities that are supported by
vast systems of institutional and operational functions.
A Green Campus is one that carries out these functions
according to a system-wide culture of environmental
sustainability, balancing function and design with existing and
foreseen resources.
A Green Campus is a place where environmentally responsible
practice and education go hand in hand and where
environmentally responsible tenets are borne out by example.
The Green Campus institution is a laboratory of self scrutiny,
experimentation, and application. At its best, it is a model
16

environmental

community

where

operational

functions,

business practices, academic programs, and people are
interlinked, providing educational and practical value to the
institution, the region, and the world.‖
According to Dr. Arif Zulkifli Nasution, an environmentalist, in his
writing, http://bangazul.blogspot.com/2012/09/green-campus.html, Green
Campus is system of educational approaches, community-service research,
and

environment-friendly

location,

involving

campus

civitas

in

environment activity, which has to imply positively to the environment,
economics, and social. Green Campus is fusion concept of environment
and campus world.

17

B. Previous Research

Researcher
Centre for Environmental
Studies of UIN Syarif
Hidayatullah Jakarta,
comprising:
Dr. Lily Surayya Eka Putri,
M. Env. Stud., M. Sungaidi,
M. Ag., Kristyanto, M.Sc.,
Dini Fardila, M.Si.,
Dasumiati, M.SI.
Stijn Van Mol (Magister
Thesis)

Stijn Van Mol and
Kurniaddin Mahmud

Table 2.1
Previous Research Conducted in
UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta’s Campus
Research Title
Research Objective

Result of Research

Strategi Pengembangan
UIN Syarif Hidayatullah
Jakarta Menuju EcoCampus

To depict the picture,
evaluate, and provide
recommendation for UIN
Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
to become ideal eco-campus

1. The green area in UIN Syarif Hidayatullah
Jakarta is still under the ideal number.
2. Parking space in UIN Syarif Hidayatullah
Jakarta is going to be narrower year by year.
3. The increase of motor vehicle in UIN Syarif
Hidayatullah Jakarta from 2007 to 2011 is
220%.

Analysis of motorcycle
technical conditions
towards a sustainable
campus

To evaluate the possibilities
to reduce the number of
motorcycles and the
emissions at Campus

A Green Campus is identified by three main
principles: high energy-efficient buildings,
campus master planning & target setting and
the integration of facilities,
research and education

Needs Analysis of UIN
Jakarta‟s Green Campus

To map and classify the
modality and mobility of
UIN‘s students to the
Campus.

Majority respondents are using motorcycle to
transport to the Campus.

18

C. Logical Framework
Figure 2.1
Logical Framework

Activities

Results/Output
s
Analysis

Observing State of The Art
at Other Universities

Specific Objective

Overall Objective

Searching for
Solution of The
Traffic Jam in
The Campus

Reducing Traffic
Jam in Campus

Behaviors
Trends

Green Campus

University of Indonesia
Bogor Institute of Agriculture
Bandung Institute of Technology

Motorcycles (and cars)
Bulk in Campus

The growth of motorcycles
and cars volume in UIN
Jakarta‘s Campus I

Structured Interview
Literature Review
Internet Study
Survey and Database
Analyzing
Evaluating Costs & Time

Transport Behavior of UIN Jakarta‘s Students

Transportation
Modality of UIN
Jakarta‘s Students

Transportation Modality of UIN Jakarta‘s Students

Suggesting Solution
Parking Building

Dormitories
18
19

20

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Scope of Research
1. Researc