The Previous Studies THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

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CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter consists of the previous studies and the theoretical review of this study. The previous studies in the same field are useful as the reference in conducting this research. After that, the main elements or the theories are also needed to respond the problems stated in the first chapter. So, this chapter provides the Previous Studies, Context, Pragmatics, Speech Acts, Types of Speech Acts, Illocutionary Act, and the Types of illocutionary Act.

2.1 The Previous Studies

There are some studies discussing about the related topic. The first one is a thesis written by entitled Nur Azni Wardani 2011, a student of State Islamic University “Syarif Hidayatullah” Jakarta. In her thesis, Wardani analyzed the illocutionary act in the utterances of the main character of Prince of Persia: The Sand of Time movie, Dastan. She limited the scenes of the movie into five scenes as the focus of her research. The content analysis is also used in her research to analyze data and to identify each utterance by using illocutionary act. Wardani analyzed the data by using Searle’s theory of speech acts 1969:23-24. She also added the context analysis to make her data easier to be analyzed. The results, the writer found five types of illocutionary act in Dastan’s utterances. Those five types of illocutionary act are representative for reporting, stating, and concluding, directive for ordering, asking, requesting, and commanding, expressive for praising and apologizing, commisive for refusal and pledging, and the last is declarative for declaring. Then, it was known that there are some illocutionary acts uttered by Dastan and his utterances could be understood by his partner of speaking, because they know the context one another. 10 The second thesis is conducted by Sukardi 2012. He is the student of Jember University. The thesis entitled “The Analysis of Illocutionary Acts in Osama Bin Laden’s Speech”. Sukardi focused on the illocutionary acts which are applied in Osama Bin Laden’s speech in 2004. This speech had a great effect to its hearers and readers at that time. Sukardi analyzed the types of illocutionary act and their functions. He used the theory of illocutionary act and also its functions. The theory used is the theory of illocutionary act stated by Searle 1969:23-24 and the theory of the functions of illocutionary act stated by Leech 1983:104. He concluded that the most illocutionary act applied in Osama’s speech is Assertive and Collaborative function for stating, asserting, believing, telling, predicting, and concluding. By this finding, we able to know that in his speech, Osama asserted to do war. However, he did not explain it explicitly in his speech. Osama used some illocutionary acts to influence the hearers and the readers to do some perlocutionary acts. However, this study is different from the previous researches. The differences are in term of the focus and the object. This study concerns with the illocutionary acts in the utterances of the main characters in Titanic movie.

2.2 Pragmatics